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Bokuan Li
2026-09-26 15:05:00 -04:00
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@@ -11,14 +11,14 @@
\pi: L^1(G; \complex) \to B(H) \quad \dpn{\pi(f)\xi, \eta}{H} = \int_G f(x)\dpn{\pi_0(x)\xi, \eta}{H}dx \pi: L^1(G; \complex) \to B(H) \quad \dpn{\pi(f)\xi, \eta}{H} = \int_G f(x)\dpn{\pi_0(x)\xi, \eta}{H}dx
\] \]
defines a non-degenerate *-representation of $G$. defines a non-degenerate *-representation of $L^1(G; \complex)$.
\item For any $x \in G$ and $f \in L^1(G; \complex)$, \item For any $x \in G$ and $f \in L^1(G; \complex)$,
\[ \[
\pi(x)\pi(f) = \pi(L_xf) \quad \pi(f)\pi(x) = \Delta_G(x^{-1})\pi(R_{x^{-1}}f) \pi_0(x)\pi(f) = \pi(L_xf) \quad \pi(f)\pi_0(x) = \Delta_G(x^{-1})\pi(R_{x^{-1}}f)
\] \]
\end{enumerate} \end{enumerate}
Conversely, if $\pi: L^1(G; \complex) \to B(H)$ is a non-degenerate *-representation of $G$, then: Conversely, if $\pi: L^1(G; \complex) \to B(H)$ is a non-degenerate *-representation of $L^1(G; \complex)$, then:
\begin{enumerate}[start=2] \begin{enumerate}[start=2]
\item There exists a unique unitary representation $\pi_0: G \to B(H)$ such that \item There exists a unique unitary representation $\pi_0: G \to B(H)$ such that
\[ \[
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
(1, Homomorphism): For any $f, g \in L^1(G; \complex)$ and $\xi, \eta \in H$, since $\pi_0$ is a unitary representation, (1, Homomorphism): For any $f, g \in L^1(G; \complex)$ and $\xi, \eta \in H$, since $\pi_0$ is a unitary representation,
\begin{align*} \begin{align*}
\dpn{\pi(f * g)\xi, \eta}H &= \int_G (f * g)(x)\dpn{\pi_0(x)\xi, \eta}{H}dx \\ \dpn{\pi(f * g)\xi, \eta}{H} &= \int_G (f * g)(x)\dpn{\pi_0(x)\xi, \eta}{H}dx \\
&= \iint_{G \times G}f(y)g(y^{-1}x)\dpn{\pi_0(x)\xi, \eta}{H}dydx \\ &= \iint_{G \times G}f(y)g(y^{-1}x)\dpn{\pi_0(x)\xi, \eta}{H}dydx \\
&= \int_{G}f(y)\int_Gg(x)\dpn{\pi_0(y)\pi_0(x)\xi, \eta}{H}dxdy\\ &= \int_{G}f(y)\int_Gg(x)\dpn{\pi_0(y)\pi_0(x)\xi, \eta}{H}dxdy\\
&= \int_{G}f(y)\int_Gg(x)\dpn{\pi_0(x)\xi, \pi_0(y^{-1})\eta}{H}dxdy \\ &= \int_{G}f(y)\int_Gg(x)\dpn{\pi_0(x)\xi, \pi_0(y^{-1})\eta}{H}dxdy \\
@@ -62,21 +62,21 @@
|\dpn{\pi(f)\xi - \xi, \eta}{H}| &\le \frac{1}{|V|}\int_V \norm{\pi(x)\xi - \xi}_H\norm{\eta}_Hdx < \norm{\xi}_H\norm{\eta}_H |\dpn{\pi(f)\xi - \xi, \eta}{H}| &\le \frac{1}{|V|}\int_V \norm{\pi(x)\xi - \xi}_H\norm{\eta}_Hdx < \norm{\xi}_H\norm{\eta}_H
\end{align*} \end{align*}
so $\norm{\pi(f)\xi - \xi}_H < \norm{\xi}$, and $\pi(f)\xi \ne 0$. so $\norm{\pi(f)\xi - \xi}_H < \norm{\xi}_H$, and $\pi(f)\xi \ne 0$.
(3): Using \autoref{proposition:group-algebra-approximate-identity}, let $\angles{\phi_\alpha}_{\alpha \in A}$ be an approximate identity in $L^1(G; \complex)$. For each $x \in G$ and $f \in L^1(G; \complex)$, $L_x\phi_\alpha * f \to L_x f$ in $L^1(G; \complex)$ implies that $\angles{\pi(\phi_\alpha)}_{\alpha \in A}$ converges pointwise on (3): Using \autoref{proposition:group-algebra-approximate-identity}, let $\angles{\phi_\alpha}_{\alpha \in A}$ be an approximate identity in $L^1(G; \complex)$. For each $x \in G$ and $f \in L^1(G; \complex)$, $L_x\phi_\alpha * f \to L_x f$ in $L^1(G; \complex)$ implies that $\angles{\pi(\phi_\alpha)}_{\alpha \in A}$ converges pointwise on
\[ \[
K := \text{span}\bracsn{\pi(g)\xi|\xi \in H, g \in L^1(G; \complex)} K := \text{span}\bracsn{\pi(g)\xi|\xi \in H, g \in L^1(G; \complex)}
\] \]
Given that $\pi$ is non-degenerate, the $K$ is dense in $H$. As $\bracsn{L_x\phi_\alpha|\alpha \in A}$ is equicontinuous and $H$ is complete, the \hyperref[Arzelà-Ascoli Theorem]{theorem:arzela-ascoli} implies that there exists $\pi_0(x) \in \ol{B_{B(H)}(0, 1)}$ such that $L_x\phi_\alpha \to \pi_0(x)$ in the strong operator topology. In particular, $\pi_0(1) = \text{Id}$. Given that $\pi$ is non-degenerate, $K$ is dense in $H$. As $\bracsn{L_x\phi_\alpha|\alpha \in A}$ is equicontinuous and $H$ is complete, the \hyperref[Arzelà-Ascoli Theorem]{theorem:arzela-ascoli} implies that there exists $\pi_0(x) \in \ol{B_{B(H)}(0, 1)}$ such that $L_x\phi_\alpha \to \pi_0(x)$ in the strong operator topology. In particular, $\pi_0(1) = \text{Id}$.
For each $f \in L^1(G; \complex)$, $\xi \in H$, and $x, y \in G$, For each $f \in L^1(G; \complex)$, $\xi \in H$, and $x, y \in G$,
\[ \[
\pi_0(xy)\pi(f)\xi = \pi(L_{xy}f)\xi = \pi(L_xL_yf)\xi = \pi_0(x)\pi_0(y)\pi(f)\xi \pi_0(xy)\pi(f)\xi = \pi(L_{xy}f)\xi = \pi(L_xL_yf)\xi = \pi_0(x)\pi_0(y)\pi(f)\xi
\] \]
By density of $K$ in $H$, $\pi_0(x)\pi_0(y) = \pi_0(x)\pi_0(y)$, so $\pi$ is a homomorphism. For any $x \in G$, $\text{Id} = \pi(1) = \pi(x)\pi(x^{-1})$, so $\pi(x)$ is isometric and invertible, and hence unitary. By density of $K$ in $H$, $\pi_0(xy) = \pi_0(x)\pi_0(y)$, so $\pi$ is a homomorphism. For any $x \in G$, $\text{Id} = \pi_0(1) = \pi_0(x)\pi_0(x^{-1})$, so $\pi_0(x)$ is isometric and invertible, and hence unitary.
Finally, for any $f \in L^1(G; \complex)$ and $\xi, \eta \in H$, by the \hyperref[Dominated Convergence Theorem]{theorem:dct}, Finally, for any $f \in L^1(G; \complex)$ and $\xi, \eta \in H$, by the \hyperref[Dominated Convergence Theorem]{theorem:dct},
\begin{align*} \begin{align*}
@@ -93,11 +93,11 @@
\begin{proof} \begin{proof}
By (3) of \autoref{definition:representation-l1-group-algebra}, $\pi_0(G)$ lies in the strong-operator closure of $L^1(G; \complex)$. By (3) of \autoref{definition:representation-l1-group-algebra}, $\pi_0(G)$ lies in the strong-operator closure of $L^1(G; \complex)$.
On the other hand, let $K \subset G$ be compact, $\eps > 0$, and $\seqf{(\xi_j, \eta_j)} \subset H^2$, then there exists non-empty sets $\bracsn{V_k}_1^m \subset 2^G$ such that $K = \bigsqcup_{j = 1}^n V_j$ and $|\dpn{[\pi_0(x) - \pi_0(y)]\xi_j, \eta_j}{H}| \le \eps$ for all $x, y \in V_k$, $1 \le j \le n$, and $1 \le k \le m$. On the other hand, let $K \subset G$ be compact, $\eps > 0$, and $\seqf{(\xi_j, \eta_j)} \subset H^2$, then there exist non-empty sets $\bracsn{V_k}_1^m \subset 2^G$ such that $K = \bigsqcup_{j = 1}^n V_j$ and $|\dpn{[\pi_0(x) - \pi_0(y)]\xi_j, \eta_j}{H}| \le \eps$ for all $x, y \in V_k$, $1 \le j \le n$, and $1 \le k \le m$.
Let $\seqf{x_k} \subset G$ with $x_k \in V_k$ for all $1 \le k \le m$, then Let $\seqf{x_k} \subset G$ with $x_k \in V_k$ for all $1 \le k \le m$, then
\begin{align*} \begin{align*}
\abs{\angles{\braks{\pi(\one_K) - \sum_{k = 1}^n |V_k|\pi_0(x_k)}\xi_j, \eta_j}_{H}} &\le \sum_{k = 1}^m \int_{V_k}|\dpn{\pi_0(y) - \pi_0(x_k)\xi_j, \eta_j}{H}|dy \\ \abs{\angles{\braks{\pi(\one_K) - \sum_{k = 1}^m |V_k|\pi_0(x_k)}\xi_j, \eta_j}_{H}} &\le \sum_{k = 1}^m \int_{V_k}|\dpn{[\pi_0(y) - \pi_0(x_k)]\xi_j, \eta_j}{H}|dy \\
&\le \sum_{k = 1}^m \eps |V_k| = \eps |K| &\le \sum_{k = 1}^m \eps |V_k| = \eps |K|
\end{align*} \end{align*}