\section{Banach Lattices}
\label{section:banach-lattice}

\begin{definition}[Banach Lattice]
\label{definition:banach-lattice}
    Let $(E, \normn{\cdot}_E)$ be a Banach space over $\real$ and $\le$ be a partial order on $E$, then $(E, \normn{\cdot}_E, \le)$ is a \textbf{Banach lattice} if for any $x, y \in E$, $|x| \le |y|$ implies that $\normn{x}_E \le \normn{x}_E$.
\end{definition}

\begin{proposition}
\label{proposition:banach-lattice-properties}
    Let $(E, \normn{\cdot}_E, \le)$ be a Banach lattice, then:
    \begin{enumerate}
        \item For any $x \in E$, $\normn{\ |x|\ }_E = \normn{x}_E$.
        \item For any $x \in E$, $\normn{x^+}_E, \normn{x^-}_E \le \normn{x}_E$.
        \item For any $x \in E$ and positive linear functional $\phi \in E^*$, 
        \[
        \norm{\phi}_{E^*} = \sup\bracsn{\dpn{x, \phi}{E}|x \in E, x \ge 0, \norm{x}_E = 1}
        \]
    \end{enumerate}

    % More to be added.

\end{proposition}
\begin{proof}
    (1): Let $x \in E$, then $|\ |x|\ | = |x|$, so $\normn{\ |x|\ }_E = \normn{x}_E$.

    (2): Let $x \in E$, then $|x| = x^+ + x^-$, so
    \[
    \normn{x}_E = \normn{x^+ + x^-}_E \ge \normn{x^+}_E, \normn{x^-}_E
    \]

    (3): Since $|x| = x \vee (-x)$,
    \[
    \norm{\phi}_{E^*} = \sup_{\substack{x \in E \\ \norm{x}_E = 1}}\dpn{x, \phi}{E} \le \sup_{\substack{x \in E \\ \norm{x}_E = 1}}\dpn{|x|, \phi}{E} \le \sup_{\substack{x \in E \\ x \ge 0 \\ \norm{x}_E = 1}}\dpn{x, \phi}{E} \le \norm{\phi}_{E^*}
    \]
\end{proof}

\begin{proposition}
\label{proposition:banach-lattice-dual}
    Let $(E, \normn{\cdot}_E, \le)$ be a Banach lattice and $(E^*, \normn{\cdot}_{E^*}, \le)$ be its dual, equipped with the canonical ordering, then $E^*$ is a Banach lattice. 
\end{proposition}
\begin{proof}
    Let $x, y \in E$ and $z \in [x, y]$, then
    \[
    |z| = z \vee (-z) \le y \vee (-x)
    \]

    so $[x, y]$ is bounded by $\norm{x}_E \vee \norm{y}_E$. Thus $E^* \subset E^b$. 

    Let $\phi \in E^*$, then by \autoref{proposition:order-vector-dual}, $0 \vee \phi$ exists in $E^b$. For any $x \in E$ with $x \ge 0$, 
    \[
    (0 \vee \phi)(x) = \sup(\phi([0, x])) \le \norm{\phi}_{E^*} \cdot \norm{x}_E
    \]

    so for arbitrary $x \in E$,
    \begin{align*}
    (0 \vee \phi)(x) &= (0 \vee \phi)(x^+) - (0 \vee \phi)(x^-) \\
    &\le \norm{\phi}_{E^*}(\normn{x^+}_E \vee \normn{x^-}_E) \le \norm{\phi}_{E^*} \cdot \norm{x}_E
    \end{align*}
    

    and $\norm{0 \vee \phi}_{E^*} \le \norm{\phi}_{E^*}$. Therefore $E^*$ is a vector lattice. 

    Now, let $x \in E$ with $\norm{x}_E = 1$, then
    \begin{align*}
        \dpn{x, \phi}{E^*} &= \dpn{x, \phi^+}{E} + \dpn{-x, \phi^-}{E} \\
        &\le \dpn{|x|, \phi^+}{E} + \dpn{|x|, \phi^-}{E} \\
        &= \dpn{|x|, \phi^+ + \phi^-}{E} \le \norm{\ |\phi|\ }_{E^*}
    \end{align*}

    On the other hand, by \autoref{proposition:order-vector-dual}, for any $x \in E$ with $x \ge 0$ and $\norm{x}_E = 1$,
    \[
        \dpn{x, |\phi|}{E^*} = \sup\bracsn{\dpn{y, \phi}{E}|y \in E, |y| \le x} \le \norm{\phi}_{E^*}
    \]

    so $\norm{\ |\phi|\ }_{E^*} \le \norm{\phi}_{E^*}$. Therefore for any $\phi, \psi \in E$ with $|\phi| \le |\psi|$, 
    \begin{align*}
        \norm{\phi}_{E^*} &= \norm{\ |\phi|\ }_{E^*} = \sup\bracsn{\dpn{x, |\phi|}{E}|x \in E, x \ge 0, \norm{x}_E = 1} \\
        &\le \sup\bracsn{\dpn{x, |\psi|}{E}|x \in E, x \ge 0, \norm{x}_E = 1} \\
        &= \norm{\ |\psi|\ }_{E^*} \norm{\psi}_E
    \end{align*}
\end{proof}


