diff --git a/src/cat/cat/index.tex b/src/cat/cat/index.tex index 41b59ee..38f5bd1 100644 --- a/src/cat/cat/index.tex +++ b/src/cat/cat/index.tex @@ -5,3 +5,4 @@ \input{./cat-func.tex} \input{./universal.tex} +\input{./tensor.tex} diff --git a/src/cat/cat/tensor.tex b/src/cat/cat/tensor.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8887d97 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/cat/cat/tensor.tex @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +\section{The Tensor Product} +\label{section:tensor-product} + + + +\begin{definition}[Tensor Product] +\label{definition:tensor-product} + Let $R$ be a commutative ring and $\seqf{E_j}$ be $R$ modules, then there exists a pair $(\bigotimes_{j = 1}^n E_j, \iota)$ such that: + \begin{enumerate} + \item $\bigotimes_{j = 1}^n E_j$ is an $R$-module. + \item $\iota: \prod_{j = 1}^n E_j \to \bigotimes_{j = 1}^n E_j$ is a $n$-linear map. + \item[(U)] For any pair $(F, \lambda)$ satisfying (1) and (2), there exists a unique $\Lambda \in \hom(\bigotimes_{j = 1}^n E_j; F)$ such that the following diagram commutes: + \[ + \xymatrix{ + \prod_{j = 1}^n E_j \ar@{->}[rd]_{\lambda} \ar@{->}[r]^{\iota} & \bigotimes_{j = 1}^n E_j \ar@{->}[d]^{\Lambda} \\ + & F + } + \] + + \item $\bigotimes_{j = 1}^n E_j$ is the linear span of $\iota(\prod_{j = 1}^n E_j)$. + \end{enumerate} + + The module $\bigotimes_{j = 1}^n E_j$ is the \textbf{tensor product} of $\seqf{E_j}$, and $\iota: \prod_{j = 1}^n E_j \to \bigotimes_{j = 1}^n E_j$ is the \textbf{canonical embedding}. For any $(x_1, \cdots, d_n) \in \prod_{j = 1}^n E_j$, the image + \[ + x_1 \otimes \cdots \otimes x_n = \iota(x_1, \cdots, x_n) + \] + + is its \textbf{tensor product}. + +\end{definition} +\begin{proof} + Let $M$ be the free module generated by $\prod_{j = 1}^nE_j$, and $N \subset M$ be the submodule generated by elements of the following form: + \begin{enumerate} + \item For any $1 \le j \le n$, $(x_1, \cdots, x_n) \in \prod_{k = 1}^n E_k$, and $x_j \in E_j$, + \[ + (x_1, \cdots, x_j + x_j', \cdots, x_n) - (x_1, \cdots, x_j, \cdots, x_n) - (x_1, \cdots, x_j', \cdots, x_n) + \] + + \item For any $(x_1, \cdots, x_n) \in \prod_{k = 1}^n E_k$ and $\alpha \in R$, + \[ + (x_1, \cdots, \alpha x_j, \cdots, x_n) - \alpha(x_1, \cdots, x_n) + \] + \end{enumerate} + + (1), (2): Let $\bigotimes_{j = 1}^n E_j = M/N$ and + \[ + \iota: \prod_{j = 1}^n E_j \to \bigotimes_{j = 1}^n E_j \quad (x_1, \cdots, x_n) \mapsto (x_1, \cdots, x_n) + N + \] + + then by definition of $N$, $\iota$ is $n$-linear. + + (U): Let $(F, \lambda)$ be a pair satisfying (1) and (2), then $\lambda$ admits a unique extension to a linear map $\ol \lambda: M \to F$. Since $\lambda$ is $n$-linear, $\ker \ol \lambda \supset N$. By the first isomorphism theorem, there exists a unique $\Lambda \in \hom(\bigotimes_{j = 1}^n E_j; F)$ such that the given diagram commutes. + + (4): Since $M$ is the free module generated by $\prod_{j = 1}^n E_j$, $M/N$ is generated by $\iota(\prod_{j = 1}^n E_j)$. +\end{proof} diff --git a/src/cat/cat/universal.tex b/src/cat/cat/universal.tex index 86aa82e..8d66f10 100644 --- a/src/cat/cat/universal.tex +++ b/src/cat/cat/universal.tex @@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ Let $\catc$ be a category and $(\seqi{A}, \bracsn{f^i_j| i, j \in I, i \lesssim \begin{proposition} \label{proposition:module-inverse-limit} - Let $R$ be a ring and $(\seqi{A}, \bracs{T^i_j|i, j \in I, i \lesssim j)}$ be a downward-directed system of $R$-modules, then there exists $(A, \bracsn{T^A_i}_{i \in I})$ such that: + Let $R$ be a ring and $(\seqi{A}, \bracs{T^i_j|i, j \in I, i \lesssim j})$ be a downward-directed system of $R$-modules, then there exists $(A, \bracsn{T^A_i}_{i \in I})$ such that: \begin{enumerate} \item For each $i \in I$, $T^A_i \in \hom(A; A_i)$. \item For any $i, j \in I$ with $i \lesssim j$, the following diagram commutes: @@ -253,3 +253,6 @@ Let $\catc$ be a category and $(\seqi{A}, \bracsn{f^i_j| i, j \in I, i \lesssim so $S \in \hom(B; A)$, and the diagram commutes. Since any map $f: B \to A$ is uniquely determined by its composition with the projections, $S$ is unique. \end{proof} + + + diff --git a/src/measure/bochner-integral/bochner.tex b/src/measure/bochner-integral/bochner.tex index 5a5d1e5..74a66bf 100644 --- a/src/measure/bochner-integral/bochner.tex +++ b/src/measure/bochner-integral/bochner.tex @@ -44,6 +44,8 @@ \end{proof} + + \begin{theorem}[Dominated Convergence Theorem] \label{theorem:dct-bochner} Let $(X, \cm, \mu)$ be a measure spacs, $E$ be a Banach space over $K \in \RC$, $\seq{f_n} \subset L^1(X; E)$, and $f \in L^1(X; E)$. If @@ -58,3 +60,48 @@ By the classical \hyperref[Dominated Convergence Theorem]{proposition:dct-lp}, $f_n \to f$ in $L^1(X; E)$. Since $h \mapsto \int h d\mu$ is a bounded linear operator, $\int f d\mu = \limv{n}\int f_n d\mu$. \end{proof} +\subsection{Vector Measure Version} +\label{subsection:bochner-vector} + + + +\begin{definition}[Bochner Integral] +\label{definition:bochner-integral-vector} + Let $(X, \cm)$ be a measurable space, $E, F$ be normed spaces over $K \in \RC$, $G$ be a Banach space over $K$, + \[ + \lambda: E \times F \to G \quad (x, y) \mapsto xy + \] + + be a bounded bilinear map, and $\mu: \cm \to F$ be a vector measure, then there exists a unique $I_\lambda \in L(L^1(X, |\mu|; E); G)$ such that: + \begin{enumerate} + \item For any $x \in E$ and $A \in \cm$, $I_\lambda(x \cdot \one_A) = x \mu(A)$. + \item For any $f \in L^1(X, |\mu|; E)$, $\normn{I_\lambda f}_{G} \le \norm{\lambda}_{L^2(E, F; G)} \cdot \norm{f}_{L^1(X, |\mu|; E)}$. + \end{enumerate} + + For any $f \in L^1(X; E)$, $I_\lambda f = \int f d\lambda\mu$ is the \textbf{Bochner integral} of $f$ with respect to $\mu$ and $\lambda$. +\end{definition} +\begin{proof} + Same as \autoref{definition:bochner-integral}. +\end{proof} + + +\begin{theorem}[Dominated Convergence Theorem] +\label{theorem:dct-bochner-vector} + Let $(X, \cm, \mu)$ be a measure space, $E, F$ be normed spaces over $K \in \RC$, $G$ be a Banach space over $K$, + \[ + \lambda: E \times F \to G \quad (x, y) \mapsto xy + \] + + be a bounded bilinear map, $\mu: \cm \to F$ be a vector measure, $\seq{f_n} \subset L^1(X, |\mu|; E)$, and $f \in L^1(X, |\mu|; E)$. If + \begin{enumerate} + \item[(a)] $f_n \to f$ strongly pointwise. + \item[(b)] There exists $g \in L^1(X) \cap L^+(X)$ such that $\norm{f_n}_E \le g$ for all $n \in \natp$. + \end{enumerate} + + then $\int f d\lambda\mu = \limv{n}\int f_n d\lambda\mu$. +\end{theorem} +\begin{proof} + By the classical \hyperref[Dominated Convergence Theorem]{proposition:dct-lp}, $f_n \to f$ in $L^1(X, |\mu|; E)$. Since $h \mapsto \int h d\lambda\mu$ is a bounded linear operator, $\int f d\lambda\mu = \limv{n}\int f_n d\lambda\mu$. +\end{proof} + +