diff --git a/src/fa/tvs/definition.tex b/src/fa/tvs/definition.tex index 4889fa2..2c70150 100644 --- a/src/fa/tvs/definition.tex +++ b/src/fa/tvs/definition.tex @@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ \begin{enumerate} \item[(FB1)] For any $V, V' \in \fB$, there exists $W \in \fB$ with $W \subset V \cap V'$. In which case, $U_{V} \cap U_{V'} \supset U_W \in \mathfrak{V}$. \item[(UB1)] For any $x \in E$ and $V \in \fB$, $x - x = 0 \in V$, so $\Delta \subset U_V$. - \item[(UB2)] For any $V \in \fB$, by (TVB1), there exists $W \in \fB$ such that $W + W \subset V$. In which case, for any $x, y, z \in E$ with $x - y, y - z \in W$, $x - z \in V$. Therefore $U_W \circ U_W \subset U_V$. + \item[(UB3)] For any $V \in \fB$, by (TVB1), there exists $W \in \fB$ such that $W + W \subset V$. In which case, for any $x, y, z \in E$ with $x - y, y - z \in W$, $x - z \in V$. Therefore $U_W \circ U_W \subset U_V$. \end{enumerate} By \autoref{proposition:fundamental-entourage-criterion}, there exists a unique uniformity $\fU$ on $E$ for which $\mathfrak{V}$ is a fundamental system of entourages. diff --git a/src/measure/measurable-maps/in-measure.tex b/src/measure/measurable-maps/in-measure.tex index a8e2108..ffd7a51 100644 --- a/src/measure/measurable-maps/in-measure.tex +++ b/src/measure/measurable-maps/in-measure.tex @@ -3,8 +3,92 @@ \begin{definition}[In Measure] \label{definition:in-measure} - Let $(X, \cm, \mu)$ be a measure space, $(Y, d)$ be a metric space, then the uniform + Let $(X, \cm, \mu)$ be a measure space and $(Y, d)$ be a metric space. For each $\eps, \delta > 0$, let + \[ + U(\delta, \eps) = \bracs{(f, g) \in \mathscr{M}(X; Y)| \mu\bracs{d(f, g) > \delta} < \eps} + \] + + then + \[ + \fB = \bracs{U(\delta, \eps)|\eps, \delta > 0} + \] + + forms a fundamental system of entourages for a uniformity. The uniformity induced by $\fB$ is the \textbf{uniform structure of convergence in measure} on $\mathscr{M}(X; Y)$. \end{definition} +\begin{proof} + It is sufficient to check the conditions of \autoref{proposition:fundamental-entourage-criterion}: + \begin{enumerate} + \item[(FB1)] For each $\eps, \eps', \delta, \delta' > 0$, + \[ + U(\delta \wedge \delta', \eps \wedge \eps') \subset U(\delta, \eps) \cap U(\delta', \eps') + \] + \item[(UB3)] For each $\eps, \delta > 0$ and $f, g, h \in \mathscr{M}(X; Y)$, + \[ + \bracs{d(f, h) > \delta} \subset \bracs{d(f, g) > \delta} \cup \bracs{d(g, h) > \delta} + \] + + so $U(\delta/2, \eps/2) \circ U(\delta/2, \eps/2) \subset U(\delta, \eps)$. + \end{enumerate} +\end{proof} + +\begin{definition}[Ky Fan Metric] +\label{definition:ky-fan} + Let $(X, \cm, \mu)$ be a measure space, $(Y, d)$ be a metric space, and + \[ + \alpha: \mathscr{M}(X; Y)^2 \to [0, \infty) \quad (f, g) \mapsto \inf\bracs{\eps > 0| \mu\bracs{d(f, g) > \eps} \le \eps} + \] + + then: + \begin{enumerate} + \item $\alpha$ is a metric on $\mathscr{M}(X; Y)$ modulo almost everywhere equality. + \item $\alpha$ induces the uniform structure of convergence in measure on $\mathscr{M}(X; Y)$. + \end{enumerate} + + The mapping $\alpha$ is the \textbf{Ky Fan metric} on $\mathscr{M}(X; Y)$. +\end{definition} +\begin{proof} + (1): Let $f, g, h \in \mathscr{M}(X; Y)$, then + \begin{enumerate} + \item[(M)] If $\alpha(f, g) = 0$, then by \hyperref[continuity from above]{proposition:measure-properties}, + \[ + \mu\bracs{d(f, g) > 0} = \limv{n}\mu\bracs{d(f, g) > 1/n} \le \limv{n}\frac{1}{n} = 0 + \] + + so $f = g$ almost everywhere. + \item[(PM3)] For each $\eps > 0$, + \[ + \bracs{d(f, h) > \eps} \subset \bracs{d(f, g) > \eps/2} \cup \bracs{d(g, h) > \eps/2} + \] + + so $\alpha(f, h) \le \alpha(f, g) + \alpha(g, h)$. + \end{enumerate} + + so $\alpha$ is a metric on $\mathscr{M}(X; Y)$, modulo almost everywhere equality. + + (2): Let $f, g \in \mathscr{M}(X; Y)$. For any $\eps, \delta > 0$, if $\alpha(f, g) < \eps \wedge \delta$, then there exists $r \in (0, \eps \wedge \delta]$ such that $\mu\bracs{d(f, g) > r} \le r$. Thus + \[ + \bracs{(f, g) \in \mathscr{M}(X; Y)|\alpha(f, g) < \eps \wedge \delta} \subset + \bracs{(f, g) \in \mathscr{M}(X; Y)|\mu\bracs{d(f, g) >\delta} < \eps} + \] + + On the other hand, if $\mu\bracs{d(f, g) > \eps} \le \eps$, then $d(f, g) \le \eps$. Therefore $\alpha$ induces the uniform structure of convergence in measure. +\end{proof} + +\begin{definition}[Locally In Measure] +\label{definition:locally-in-measure} + Let $(X, \cm, \mu)$ be a measure space and $(Y, d)$ be a metric space. For each $\eps, \delta > 0$ and $A \in \cm$ with $\mu(A) < \infty$, let + \[ + U(A, \delta, \eps) = \bracs{(f, g) \in \mathscr{M}(X; Y)| \mu(A \cap \bracs{d(f, g) > \delta}) < \eps} + \] + + then + \[ + \fB = \bracs{U(A, \delta, \eps)|\eps, \delta > 0, A \in \cm, \mu(A) < \infty} + \] + + forms a fundamental system of entourages for a uniformity. The uniformity induced by $\fB$ is the \textbf{uniform structure of local convergence in measure} on $\mathscr{M}(X; Y)$. +\end{definition} + diff --git a/src/topology/functions/set-systems.tex b/src/topology/functions/set-systems.tex index 4993866..0db2e9c 100644 --- a/src/topology/functions/set-systems.tex +++ b/src/topology/functions/set-systems.tex @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ \] \item[(UB1)] For any $U \in \fU$, $\Delta \subset U$. Thus the diagonal in $X^T$ is in $E(S, U)$ for any $S \in \sigma$. - \item[(UB2)] For any $U \in \fU$, there exists $V \in \fV$ with $V \circ V \subset U$. Thus for any $S \in \sigma$, + \item[(UB3)] For any $U \in \fU$, there exists $V \in \fV$ with $V \circ V \subset U$. Thus for any $S \in \sigma$, \[ E(S, V) \circ E(S, V) \subset E(S, V \circ V) \subset E(S, U) \] diff --git a/src/topology/groups/definition.tex b/src/topology/groups/definition.tex index b19e399..0786254 100644 --- a/src/topology/groups/definition.tex +++ b/src/topology/groups/definition.tex @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ \begin{enumerate} \item[(FB1)] For each $V, V' \in \cn_G(1)$, $V \cap V' \in \cn_G(0)$, so $U_{L, V \cap V'} = U_{L, V} \cap U_{L, V'}$. \item[(UB1)] For each $V \in \cn_G(1)$, $1 \in V$, so $\Delta \subset U_{L, V}$. - \item[(UB2)] For each $V \in \cn_G(1)$, by (TG1), there exists $W \in \cn_G(1)$ such that $WW \subset V$. In which case, $U_{L, W} \circ U_{L, W} \subset U_{L, V}$. + \item[(UB3)] For each $V \in \cn_G(1)$, by (TG1), there exists $W \in \cn_G(1)$ such that $WW \subset V$. In which case, $U_{L, W} \circ U_{L, W} \subset U_{L, V}$. \end{enumerate} By \autoref{proposition:fundamental-entourage-criterion}, $\fB_L$ forms a fundamental system of entourages for a left translation-invariant uniformity $\fU_L$ on $G$. diff --git a/src/topology/uniform/completion.tex b/src/topology/uniform/completion.tex index 7d0ed1d..bc18b67 100644 --- a/src/topology/uniform/completion.tex +++ b/src/topology/uniform/completion.tex @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ \begin{enumerate} \item[(FB1)] Let $\wh U, \wh V \in \wh \fB$. By \autoref{lemma:symmetricfundamentalentourage}, there exists a symmetric entourage $W \in \fU$ such that $W \subset U \cap V$. In which case, for any $(\fF, \mathfrak{G}) \in \wh W$, there exists $E \in \fF \cap \mathfrak{G}$ with $E \times E \subset W \subset U \cap V$. Thus $\wh W \subset \wh U \cap \wh V$. \item[(UB1)] Let $\wh U \in \wh \fB$ and $\fF \in \wh X$, then since $\fF$ is Cauchy, there exists $E \in \fF$ such that $E \times E \subset U$, so $(\fF, \fF) \in \wh U$. - \item[(UB2)] Let $\wh U \in \wh \fB$. By \autoref{lemma:symmetricfundamentalentourage}, there exists a symmetric entourage $W \in \fU$ such that $W \circ W \subset U$. For any $\fF, \mathfrak{G}, \mathfrak{H} \in \wh X$ such that $(\fF, \mathfrak{G}), (\mathfrak{G}, \mathfrak{H}) \in \wh W$, there exists $W$-small sets $E \in \fF \cap \mathfrak{G}$ and $F \in \fF \cap \mathfrak{H}$. Since $\mathfrak{G}$ is a filter, $E \cap F \ne \emptyset$ by (F2) and (F3). By \autoref{lemma:small-intersect}, $E \cup H$ is $W \circ W$-small and thus $U$-small. Using (F1), $E \cup H \in \fF \cap \mathfrak{H}$, so $(\fF, \mathfrak{H}) \in \wh U$. Therefore $\wh W \circ \wh W \subset U$. + \item[(UB3)] Let $\wh U \in \wh \fB$. By \autoref{lemma:symmetricfundamentalentourage}, there exists a symmetric entourage $W \in \fU$ such that $W \circ W \subset U$. For any $\fF, \mathfrak{G}, \mathfrak{H} \in \wh X$ such that $(\fF, \mathfrak{G}), (\mathfrak{G}, \mathfrak{H}) \in \wh W$, there exists $W$-small sets $E \in \fF \cap \mathfrak{G}$ and $F \in \fF \cap \mathfrak{H}$. Since $\mathfrak{G}$ is a filter, $E \cap F \ne \emptyset$ by (F2) and (F3). By \autoref{lemma:small-intersect}, $E \cup H$ is $W \circ W$-small and thus $U$-small. Using (F1), $E \cup H \in \fF \cap \mathfrak{H}$, so $(\fF, \mathfrak{H}) \in \wh U$. Therefore $\wh W \circ \wh W \subset U$. \end{enumerate} By \autoref{proposition:fundamental-entourage-criterion}, there exists a unique uniformity $\wh \fU \supset \wh \fB$. Moreover, $\wh \fB$ consists of symmetric entourages by construction. diff --git a/src/topology/uniform/definition.tex b/src/topology/uniform/definition.tex index 3e59f7a..0a4953e 100644 --- a/src/topology/uniform/definition.tex +++ b/src/topology/uniform/definition.tex @@ -75,25 +75,27 @@ \begin{proposition} \label{proposition:fundamental-entourage-criterion} - Let $X$ be a set and $\fB \subset 2^{X \times X}$ be a non-empty family of sets. If + Let $X$ be a set and $\fB \subset 2^{X \times X}$ be a non-empty family of sets such that \begin{enumerate} \item[(FB1)] For each $U, V \in \fB$, there exists $W \in \fB$ such that $W \subset U \cap V$. \item[(UB1)] For each $V \in \fB$, $\Delta \subset V$. - \item[(UB2)] For each $V \in \fB$, there exists $W \in \fB$ such that $W \circ W \subset V$. + \item[(UB2)] For each $V \in \fB$, there exists $W \in \fB$ with $W \subset V^{-1}$. + \item[(UB3)] For each $V \in \fB$, there exists $W \in \fB$ such that $W \circ W \subset V$. \end{enumerate} - then there exists a unique uniformity $\fU \subset 2^{X \times X}$, which is given by + and let \[ \fU = \bracs{U \subset X \times X| \exists V \in \fB: V \subset U} \] + then $\fU$ is the unique uniformity on $X$ such that $\fB$ is a fundamental system of entourages for $\fU$. \end{proposition} \begin{proof} (F1): By definition of $\fU$. (F2): For any $U, V \in \fU$, there exists $U_0, V_0 \in \fB$ such that $U_0 \subset U$ and $V_0 \subset V$. By (FB1), there exists $W \in \fB$ with $W \subset U_0 \cap V_0 \subset U \cap V$. Thus $U \cap V \in \fU$. - (U1) and (U2): For any $U \in \fU$, there exists $U_0 \in \fB$ with $U_0 \subset U$. By (UB1), $\Delta \subset U_0 \subset U$. By (UB2), there exists $V_0 \in \fB \subset \fU$ with $V_0 \circ V_0 \subset U_0 \subset U$. + (U1), (U2), (U3): For any $U \in \fU$, there exists $U_0 \in \fB$ with $U_0 \subset U$. By (UB1), $\Delta \subset U_0 \subset U$. By (UB2) and (FB1), there exists $V_0 \in \fB$ with $V_0 \subset U_0 \cap U_0^{-1} \subset U$. By (UB3), there exists $W_0 \in \fB \subset \fU$ with $W_0 \circ W_0 \subset U_0 \subset U$. \end{proof} diff --git a/src/topology/uniform/metric.tex b/src/topology/uniform/metric.tex index 20d6aa0..12dcf11 100644 --- a/src/topology/uniform/metric.tex +++ b/src/topology/uniform/metric.tex @@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ The axioms of uniform spaces strongly resembles working in a metric space. In fa \] \item[(UB1)] For each $i \in I$, $d(x, x) = 0$ for all $x \in X$. Thus for any $i \in I$ and $r > 0$, $E(d_i, r)$ contains the diagonal. - \item[(UB2)] For each $J \subset I$ finite and $r > 0$, + \item[(UB3)] For each $J \subset I$ finite and $r > 0$, \begin{align*} \paren{\bigcap_{j \in J}E(d_j, r/2)} \circ \paren{\bigcap_{j \in J}E(d_j, r)} &\subset \bigcap_{j \in J}E(d_j, r/2) \circ E(d_j, r/2) \\ &\subset \bigcap_{j \in J}E(d_j, r) diff --git a/src/topology/uniform/uc.tex b/src/topology/uniform/uc.tex index 30a9063..b8367f6 100644 --- a/src/topology/uniform/uc.tex +++ b/src/topology/uniform/uc.tex @@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ The collection $\fU$ is the \textbf{initial uniformity} on $X$ generated by $\seqi{f}$. \end{definition} \begin{proof} - (3): Since the diagonal is mapped to the diagonal and $\fB$ is closed under intersections, it is sufficient to verify (UB3) for $\fB$. Let $J \subset I$ be finite and $\bigcap_{j \in J}(f_j \times f_j)^{-1}(U_j) \in \fB$, then there exists $\bracs{V_j}_{j \in J}$ such that $V_j \circ V_j \subset U_j$ for each $j \in J$. In which case, for any $(x, y), (y, z) \in f_j^{-1}(V_j)$, $(f(x), f(y)), (f(y), f(z)) \in V_j$ and $(f(x), f(z)) \in U_j$. Thus $(f_j \times f_j)^{-1}(V_j) \circ (f_j \times f_j)^{-1}(V_j) \subset (f_j \times f_j)^{-1}(U_j)$, and + (3): Since the diagonal is mapped to the diagonal and $\fB$ is closed under intersections and inversions, it is sufficient to verify (UB3) for $\fB$. Let $J \subset I$ be finite and $\bigcap_{j \in J}(f_j \times f_j)^{-1}(U_j) \in \fB$, then there exists $\bracs{V_j}_{j \in J}$ such that $V_j \circ V_j \subset U_j$ for each $j \in J$. In which case, for any $(x, y), (y, z) \in f_j^{-1}(V_j)$, $(f(x), f(y)), (f(y), f(z)) \in V_j$ and $(f(x), f(z)) \in U_j$. Thus $(f_j \times f_j)^{-1}(V_j) \circ (f_j \times f_j)^{-1}(V_j) \subset (f_j \times f_j)^{-1}(U_j)$, and \[ \paren{\bigcap_{j \in J}(f_j \times f_j)^{-1}(V_j)} \circ \paren{\bigcap_{j \in J}(f_j \times f_j)^{-1}(V_j)} \subset \bigcap_{j \in J}(f_j \times f_j)^{-1}(U_j) \]