Adjusted citation formats. Moved citation off of named theorems if possible.
All checks were successful
Compile Project / Compile (push) Successful in 22s
All checks were successful
Compile Project / Compile (push) Successful in 22s
This commit is contained in:
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@
|
|||||||
is the \textbf{$n$-fold $\sigma$-derivative of $f$ at $x_0$}.
|
is the \textbf{$n$-fold $\sigma$-derivative of $f$ at $x_0$}.
|
||||||
\end{definition}
|
\end{definition}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{theorem}[{{\cite[Theorem 5.1.1]{Cartan}}}]
|
\begin{theorem}[Symmetry of Higher Derivatives]
|
||||||
\label{theorem:derivative-symmetric-frechet}
|
\label{theorem:derivative-symmetric-frechet}
|
||||||
Let $E, F$ be Banach spaces, $U \subset E$ be open, $n \in \natp$, and $f: U \to F$ be a function $n$-times Fréchet-differentiable at $x \in U$, then $D^nf(x) \in L^n(E; F)$ is symmetric.
|
Let $E, F$ be Banach spaces, $U \subset E$ be open, $n \in \natp$, and $f: U \to F$ be a function $n$-times Fréchet-differentiable at $x \in U$, then $D^nf(x) \in L^n(E; F)$ is symmetric.
|
||||||
\end{theorem}
|
\end{theorem}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Theorem 5.1.1]{Cartan}}}. ]
|
||||||
First suppose that $n = 2$. Let $r > 0$ such that $B(x, 2r) \subset U$, and define $A: B_E(0, r) \times B_E(0, r) \to F$ by
|
First suppose that $n = 2$. Let $r > 0$ such that $B(x, 2r) \subset U$, and define $A: B_E(0, r) \times B_E(0, r) \to F$ by
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
A(h, k) = f(x + h + k) - f(x + h) - f(x + k) + f(x)
|
A(h, k) = f(x + h + k) - f(x + h) - f(x + k) + f(x)
|
||||||
@@ -85,11 +85,11 @@
|
|||||||
Since any element $\sigma \in S_n$ that does not fix $x_1$ is the composition of the transposition $(12)$ and an element that fixes $x_1$, $Df(x)$ is symmetric.
|
Since any element $\sigma \in S_n$ that does not fix $x_1$ is the composition of the transposition $(12)$ and an element that fixes $x_1$, $Df(x)$ is symmetric.
|
||||||
\end{proof}
|
\end{proof}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{theorem}[{{\cite[Proposition 4.5.14]{Bogachev}}}]
|
\begin{theorem}[Symmetry of Higher Derivatives]
|
||||||
\label{theorem:derivative-symmetric}
|
\label{theorem:derivative-symmetric}
|
||||||
Let $E$ be a topological vector space over $K \in \RC$, $\sigma \subset B(E)$ be an upward-directed system that includes all bounded sets contained in finite-dimensional spaces, $F$ be a separated locally convex space over $K$, $U \subset E$ be open, and $f: E \to F$ be $n$-fold $\sigma$-differentiable at $x_0 \in U$, then $D_\sigma^nf(x_0) \in B_\sigma^n(E; F)$ is symmetric.
|
Let $E$ be a topological vector space over $K \in \RC$, $\sigma \subset B(E)$ be an upward-directed system that includes all bounded sets contained in finite-dimensional spaces, $F$ be a separated locally convex space over $K$, $U \subset E$ be open, and $f: E \to F$ be $n$-fold $\sigma$-differentiable at $x_0 \in U$, then $D_\sigma^nf(x_0) \in B_\sigma^n(E; F)$ is symmetric.
|
||||||
\end{theorem}
|
\end{theorem}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Proposition 4.5.14]{Bogachev}}}. ]
|
||||||
Let $\seqf{h_j} \subset E$, $E_0$ be the subspace generated by $\seqf{h_j}$, and $g = f|_{E_0 \cap U}: E_0 \cap U \to F$. Since $\sigma$ includes all bounded sets contained in finite-dimensional spaces, for any $\phi \in F^*$, the mapping $\phi \circ g: E_0 \cap U \to K$ is $n$-times Fréchet-differentiable, with
|
Let $\seqf{h_j} \subset E$, $E_0$ be the subspace generated by $\seqf{h_j}$, and $g = f|_{E_0 \cap U}: E_0 \cap U \to F$. Since $\sigma$ includes all bounded sets contained in finite-dimensional spaces, for any $\phi \in F^*$, the mapping $\phi \circ g: E_0 \cap U \to K$ is $n$-times Fréchet-differentiable, with
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
D_{B(E_0)}^n(\phi \circ g)(x_0) = \phi \circ D_\sigma^n g(x_0)
|
D_{B(E_0)}^n(\phi \circ g)(x_0) = \phi \circ D_\sigma^n g(x_0)
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
|
|||||||
\end{definition}
|
\end{definition}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{proposition}[{{\cite[Proposition 4.5.2]{Bogachev}}}]
|
\begin{proposition}[Chain Rule]
|
||||||
\label{proposition:chain-rule-sets}
|
\label{proposition:chain-rule-sets}
|
||||||
Let $E$, $F$, $G$, be TVSs over $K \in \RC$ with $F, G$ being separated, $\sigma \subset B(E)$ and $\tau \subset B(F)$ be upward-directed families that contain all finite sets. If:
|
Let $E$, $F$, $G$, be TVSs over $K \in \RC$ with $F, G$ being separated, $\sigma \subset B(E)$ and $\tau \subset B(F)$ be upward-directed families that contain all finite sets. If:
|
||||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||||
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
|
|||||||
\]
|
\]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\end{proposition}
|
\end{proposition}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Proposition 4.5.2]{Bogachev}}}. ]
|
||||||
Since $g$ is $\tau$-differentiable at $f(x_0)$, there exists $s \in \mathcal{R}_\tau(F; G)$ such that
|
Since $g$ is $\tau$-differentiable at $f(x_0)$, there exists $s \in \mathcal{R}_\tau(F; G)$ such that
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
g(f(x_0) + h) = g \circ f (x_0) + D_\tau g(f(x_0))h + s(h)
|
g(f(x_0) + h) = g \circ f (x_0) + D_\tau g(f(x_0))h + s(h)
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||||||
\section{Taylor's Formula}
|
\section{Taylor's Formula}
|
||||||
\label{section:taylor}
|
\label{section:taylor}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{theorem}[Taylor's Formula, Lagrange Remainder {{\cite[Theorem 4.7.1]{Bogachev}}}]
|
\begin{theorem}[Taylor's Formula, Lagrange Remainder]
|
||||||
\label{theorem:taylor-lagrange}
|
\label{theorem:taylor-lagrange}
|
||||||
Let $-\infty < a < b < \infty$, $E$ be a separated locally convex space, $S \subset [a, b]$ be at most countable, $n \in \natp$, and $f \in C^{n}([a, b]; E)$ be $(n+1)$-fold differentiable on $[a, b] \setminus N$, then
|
Let $-\infty < a < b < \infty$, $E$ be a separated locally convex space, $S \subset [a, b]$ be at most countable, $n \in \natp$, and $f \in C^{n}([a, b]; E)$ be $(n+1)$-fold differentiable on $[a, b] \setminus N$, then
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
|
|||||||
\]
|
\]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\end{theorem}
|
\end{theorem}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Theorem 4.7.1]{Bogachev}}}. ]
|
||||||
If $n = 0$, then the theorem is the \hyperref[Mean Value Theorem]{theorem:mean-value-theorem-line}.
|
If $n = 0$, then the theorem is the \hyperref[Mean Value Theorem]{theorem:mean-value-theorem-line}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Suppose inductively that the theorem holds for $n$. Let
|
Suppose inductively that the theorem holds for $n$. Let
|
||||||
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
\end{proof}
|
\end{proof}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{theorem}[Taylor's Formula, Peano Remainder {{\cite[Theorem 4.7.3]{Bogachev}}}]
|
\begin{theorem}[Taylor's Formula, Peano Remainder]
|
||||||
\label{theorem:taylor-peano}
|
\label{theorem:taylor-peano}
|
||||||
Let $E$ be a topological vector space, $\sigma \subset B(E)$ be an upward-directed family that includes bounded sets contained in finite-dimensional subspaces, $F$ be a separated locally convex space, $U \subset E$ be open, and $f: U \to F$ be $n$-fold $\sigma$-differentiable at $x_0 \in U$, then there exists $r \in \mathcal{R}_\sigma^n(E; F)$ such that
|
Let $E$ be a topological vector space, $\sigma \subset B(E)$ be an upward-directed family that includes bounded sets contained in finite-dimensional subspaces, $F$ be a separated locally convex space, $U \subset E$ be open, and $f: U \to F$ be $n$-fold $\sigma$-differentiable at $x_0 \in U$, then there exists $r \in \mathcal{R}_\sigma^n(E; F)$ such that
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@
|
|||||||
\]
|
\]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\end{theorem}
|
\end{theorem}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Theorem 4.7.3]{Bogachev}}}. ]
|
||||||
Let
|
Let
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
r(h) = g(x_0 + h) - g(x) - \sum_{k = 1}^n \frac{1}{k!}D^k_\sigma f(x_0)(h^{(k)})
|
r(h) = g(x_0 + h) - g(x) - \sum_{k = 1}^n \frac{1}{k!}D^k_\sigma f(x_0)(h^{(k)})
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
|
|||||||
\end{align*}
|
\end{align*}
|
||||||
\end{proof}
|
\end{proof}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{theorem}[Hahn-Banach, Analytic Form {{\cite[Theorem 5.6, 5.7]{Folland}}}]
|
\begin{theorem}[Hahn-Banach, Analytic Form]
|
||||||
\label{theorem:hahn-banach}
|
\label{theorem:hahn-banach}
|
||||||
Let $E$ be a vector space over $K \in \RC$, $\rho: E \to \real$ be a sublinear functional, and $F \subsetneq E$ be a subspace, then
|
Let $E$ be a vector space over $K \in \RC$, $\rho: E \to \real$ be a sublinear functional, and $F \subsetneq E$ be a subspace, then
|
||||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||||
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
|
|||||||
\item If $\rho$ is a seminorm, then for any $\phi \in \hom(F; \complex)$ with $\abs{\phi} \le \rho|_F$, there exists $\Phi \in \hom(E; \complex)$ such that $\abs{\Phi} \le \rho$ and $\Phi|_F = \phi$.
|
\item If $\rho$ is a seminorm, then for any $\phi \in \hom(F; \complex)$ with $\abs{\phi} \le \rho|_F$, there exists $\Phi \in \hom(E; \complex)$ such that $\abs{\Phi} \le \rho$ and $\Phi|_F = \phi$.
|
||||||
\end{enumerate}
|
\end{enumerate}
|
||||||
\end{theorem}
|
\end{theorem}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Theorem 5.6, 5.7]{Folland}}}. ]
|
||||||
(1): Let $x_0 \in E \setminus F$, then by \autoref{lemma:hahn-banach}, there exists $\lambda \in \real$ such that if
|
(1): Let $x_0 \in E \setminus F$, then by \autoref{lemma:hahn-banach}, there exists $\lambda \in \real$ such that if
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
\phi_{x_0, \lambda}: F + \real x_0 \to \real \quad (x + tx_0) \mapsto x + \lambda t
|
\phi_{x_0, \lambda}: F + \real x_0 \to \real \quad (x + tx_0) \mapsto x + \lambda t
|
||||||
@@ -96,21 +96,21 @@
|
|||||||
Finally, let $y \in A$, then $\dpb{y, \phi}{E} \le [y]_A < 1 = \dpb{x, \phi}{E}$.
|
Finally, let $y \in A$, then $\dpb{y, \phi}{E} \le [y]_A < 1 = \dpb{x, \phi}{E}$.
|
||||||
\end{proof}
|
\end{proof}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{theorem}[Hahn-Banach, First Geometric Form {{\cite[Theorem 1.6]{Brezis}}}]
|
\begin{theorem}[Hahn-Banach, First Geometric Form]
|
||||||
\label{theorem:hahn-banach-geometric-1}
|
\label{theorem:hahn-banach-geometric-1}
|
||||||
Let $E$ be a TVS over $\real$, $A, B \subset E$ be non-empty convex sets, such that $A \cap B = \emptyset$ and $A$ is open, then there exists $\phi \in E^* \setminus \bracs{0}$ and $\alpha \in \real$ with $A \subset \bracs{\phi \le \alpha}$ and $B \subset \bracs{\phi \ge \alpha}$.
|
Let $E$ be a TVS over $\real$, $A, B \subset E$ be non-empty convex sets, such that $A \cap B = \emptyset$ and $A$ is open, then there exists $\phi \in E^* \setminus \bracs{0}$ and $\alpha \in \real$ with $A \subset \bracs{\phi \le \alpha}$ and $B \subset \bracs{\phi \ge \alpha}$.
|
||||||
\end{theorem}
|
\end{theorem}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Theorem 1.6]{Brezis}}}. ]
|
||||||
Let $C = A - B$, then $C \subset E$ is an open convex set by \autoref{lemma:convex-gymnastics}. Since $A \cap B = \emptyset$, $0 \not\in C$.
|
Let $C = A - B$, then $C \subset E$ is an open convex set by \autoref{lemma:convex-gymnastics}. Since $A \cap B = \emptyset$, $0 \not\in C$.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
By \autoref{lemma:hahn-banach-separation}, there exists $\phi \in E^*$ such that $C \subset \bracs{\phi < 0}$. In which case, for any $a \in A$ and $b \in B$, $\dpb{a - b, \phi}{E} < 0$ implies that $\dpb{a, \phi}{E} < \dpb{b, \phi}{E}$. Let $\alpha \in [\sup_{a \in A}\dpb{a, \phi}{E}, \inf_{b \in B}\dpb{b, \phi}{E}]$, then $A \subset \bracs{\phi \le \alpha}$ and $B \subset \bracs{\phi \ge \alpha}$.
|
By \autoref{lemma:hahn-banach-separation}, there exists $\phi \in E^*$ such that $C \subset \bracs{\phi < 0}$. In which case, for any $a \in A$ and $b \in B$, $\dpb{a - b, \phi}{E} < 0$ implies that $\dpb{a, \phi}{E} < \dpb{b, \phi}{E}$. Let $\alpha \in [\sup_{a \in A}\dpb{a, \phi}{E}, \inf_{b \in B}\dpb{b, \phi}{E}]$, then $A \subset \bracs{\phi \le \alpha}$ and $B \subset \bracs{\phi \ge \alpha}$.
|
||||||
\end{proof}
|
\end{proof}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{theorem}[Hahn-Banach, Second Geometric Form {{\cite[Theorem 1.7]{Brezis}}}]
|
\begin{theorem}[Hahn-Banach, Second Geometric Form]
|
||||||
\label{theorem:hahn-banach-geometric-2}
|
\label{theorem:hahn-banach-geometric-2}
|
||||||
Let $E$ be a locally convex space over $\real$, $A, B \subset E$ be non-empty convex sets such that $A \cap B = \emptyset$, $A$ is closed, and $B$ is compact, then there exists $\phi \in E^* \setminus \bracs{0}$, $\alpha \in \real$, and $r > 0$ with $A \subset \bracs{\phi \le \alpha - r}$ and $B \subset \bracs{\phi \ge \alpha + r}$.
|
Let $E$ be a locally convex space over $\real$, $A, B \subset E$ be non-empty convex sets such that $A \cap B = \emptyset$, $A$ is closed, and $B$ is compact, then there exists $\phi \in E^* \setminus \bracs{0}$, $\alpha \in \real$, and $r > 0$ with $A \subset \bracs{\phi \le \alpha - r}$ and $B \subset \bracs{\phi \ge \alpha + r}$.
|
||||||
\end{theorem}
|
\end{theorem}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Theorem 1.7]{Brezis}}}. ]
|
||||||
Let $C = A - B$, then $C$ is closed by \autoref{proposition:tvs-set-operations} with $0 \not\in C$. Since $E$ is locally convex, there exists $U \in \cn^o(0)$ convex such that $U \cap C \ne \emptyset$.
|
Let $C = A - B$, then $C$ is closed by \autoref{proposition:tvs-set-operations} with $0 \not\in C$. Since $E$ is locally convex, there exists $U \in \cn^o(0)$ convex such that $U \cap C \ne \emptyset$.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
By \autoref{theorem:hahn-banach-geometric-1}, there exists $\phi \in E^* \setminus \bracs{0}$ and $\alpha \in \real$ such that $U \subset \bracs{f \le \alpha}$ and $C \subset \bracs{f \ge \alpha}$. In which case, for any $u \in U$, $a \in A$, and $b \in B$,
|
By \autoref{theorem:hahn-banach-geometric-1}, there exists $\phi \in E^* \setminus \bracs{0}$ and $\alpha \in \real$ such that $U \subset \bracs{f \le \alpha}$ and $C \subset \bracs{f \ge \alpha}$. In which case, for any $u \in U$, $a \in A$, and $b \in B$,
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{definition}[Cross Seminorm, {{\cite[III.6.3]{SchaeferWolff}}}]
|
\begin{definition}[Cross Seminorm]
|
||||||
\label{definition:cross-seminorm}
|
\label{definition:cross-seminorm}
|
||||||
Let $E, F$ be locally convex spaces over $K \in \RC$. For any convex circled sets $U \in \cn_E(0)$ and $V \in \cn_F(0)$, let $p: E \to [0, \infty)$ and $q: F \to [0, \infty)$ be their \hyperref[gauges]{definition:gauge}. For any $z \in E \otimes_\pi F$, let
|
Let $E, F$ be locally convex spaces over $K \in \RC$. For any convex circled sets $U \in \cn_E(0)$ and $V \in \cn_F(0)$, let $p: E \to [0, \infty)$ and $q: F \to [0, \infty)$ be their \hyperref[gauges]{definition:gauge}. For any $z \in E \otimes_\pi F$, let
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
|
|||||||
\end{enumerate}
|
\end{enumerate}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\end{definition}
|
\end{definition}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[III.6.3]{SchaeferWolff}}}. ]
|
||||||
(1): Let $\lambda \in K$, then for any $\seqf{(x_j,y_j)} \subset E \times F$,
|
(1): Let $\lambda \in K$, then for any $\seqf{(x_j,y_j)} \subset E \times F$,
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
|\lambda| \sum_{j = 1}^n p(x_j)q(y_j) = \sum_{j = 1}^n p(\lambda x_j)q(y_j)
|
|\lambda| \sum_{j = 1}^n p(x_j)q(y_j) = \sum_{j = 1}^n p(\lambda x_j)q(y_j)
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
|
|||||||
The set $RS([a, b], G)$ is the vector space of all \textbf{Riemann-Stieltjes integrable functions} with respect to $G$.
|
The set $RS([a, b], G)$ is the vector space of all \textbf{Riemann-Stieltjes integrable functions} with respect to $G$.
|
||||||
\end{definition}
|
\end{definition}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{lemma}[Summation by Parts, {{\cite[Proposition 1.4]{Lang}}}]
|
\begin{lemma}[Summation by Parts]
|
||||||
\label{lemma:sum-by-parts}
|
\label{lemma:sum-by-parts}
|
||||||
Let $[a, b] \subset \real$, $E_1, E_2, H$ be TVSs over $F \in \RC$, $E_1 \times E_2 \to H$ with $(x, y) \mapsto xy$ be a continuous bilinear map, $f: [a, b] \to E_1$, $G: [a, b] \to E_2$, and $(P, c) \in \scp_t([a, b])$, then
|
Let $[a, b] \subset \real$, $E_1, E_2, H$ be TVSs over $F \in \RC$, $E_1 \times E_2 \to H$ with $(x, y) \mapsto xy$ be a continuous bilinear map, $f: [a, b] \to E_1$, $G: [a, b] \to E_2$, and $(P, c) \in \scp_t([a, b])$, then
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
where $P' = \seqfz[n+1]{y_j} = [a, c_1, \cdots, c_n, b]$ and $c' = \seqf[n+1]{d_j} = [x_0, \cdots, x_n]$.
|
where $P' = \seqfz[n+1]{y_j} = [a, c_1, \cdots, c_n, b]$ and $c' = \seqf[n+1]{d_j} = [x_0, \cdots, x_n]$.
|
||||||
\end{lemma}
|
\end{lemma}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Proposition 1.4]{Lang}}}. ]
|
||||||
Denote $c_0 = a$ and $c_{n+1} = b$, then
|
Denote $c_0 = a$ and $c_{n+1} = b$, then
|
||||||
\begin{align*}
|
\begin{align*}
|
||||||
S(P, c, f, G) &= \sum_{j = 1}^n f(c_j)[G(x_j) - G(x_{j - 1})]
|
S(P, c, f, G) &= \sum_{j = 1}^n f(c_j)[G(x_j) - G(x_{j - 1})]
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
|
|||||||
Let $x = x_{n_1} + \limv{N}\sum_{k = 1}^N (x_{n_{k+1}} - x_{n_k})$, then $x = \limv{k}x_{n_k} \in E$. Since $\seq{x_n}$ is a Cauchy sequence that admits a convergent subsequence, it is convergent.
|
Let $x = x_{n_1} + \limv{N}\sum_{k = 1}^N (x_{n_{k+1}} - x_{n_k})$, then $x = \limv{k}x_{n_k} \in E$. Since $\seq{x_n}$ is a Cauchy sequence that admits a convergent subsequence, it is convergent.
|
||||||
\end{proof}
|
\end{proof}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{theorem}[Successive Approximations {{\cite[Section III.2]{SchaeferWolff}}}]
|
\begin{theorem}[Successive Approximations]
|
||||||
\label{theorem:successive-approximations}
|
\label{theorem:successive-approximations}
|
||||||
Let $E, F$ be metric TVSs over $K \in \RC$ with pseudonorm $\rho$ and $\eta$, respectively. Let $T \in L(E; F)$, $r > 0$, $\gamma \in (0, 1)$, and $C \ge 0$. Suppose that for every $y \in B_F(0, r)$, there exists $x \in E$ such that:
|
Let $E, F$ be metric TVSs over $K \in \RC$ with pseudonorm $\rho$ and $\eta$, respectively. Let $T \in L(E; F)$, $r > 0$, $\gamma \in (0, 1)$, and $C \ge 0$. Suppose that for every $y \in B_F(0, r)$, there exists $x \in E$ such that:
|
||||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||||
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
|
|||||||
\]
|
\]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\end{theorem}
|
\end{theorem}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Section III.2]{SchaeferWolff}}}. ]
|
||||||
Let $y_0 = y$ and $x_0 = 0$. Let $N \in \natz$ and suppose inductively that $\seqf[N]{x_n} \subset E$ has been constructed such that:
|
Let $y_0 = y$ and $x_0 = 0$. Let $N \in \natz$ and suppose inductively that $\seqf[N]{x_n} \subset E$ has been constructed such that:
|
||||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||||
\item[(I)] $\sum_{n = 1}^N\rho(x_n) \le C\eta(y)\sum_{n = 0}^{N-1}\gamma^{n}$.
|
\item[(I)] $\sum_{n = 1}^N\rho(x_n) \le C\eta(y)\sum_{n = 0}^{N-1}\gamma^{n}$.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||||||
\section{The Dual Space}
|
\section{The Dual Space}
|
||||||
\label{section:tvs-dual}
|
\label{section:tvs-dual}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{proposition}[Polarisation, {{\cite[Proposition 5.5]{Folland}}}]
|
\begin{proposition}[Polarisation]
|
||||||
\label{proposition:polarisation-linear}
|
\label{proposition:polarisation-linear}
|
||||||
Let $E$ be a vector space over $\complex$, $\phi \in \hom(E; \complex)$, and $u = \re{\phi}$, then
|
Let $E$ be a vector space over $\complex$, $\phi \in \hom(E; \complex)$, and $u = \re{\phi}$, then
|
||||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||||
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
|
|||||||
\end{enumerate}
|
\end{enumerate}
|
||||||
Conversely, if $u \in \hom(E; \real)$ and $\phi \in \hom(E; \complex)$ is defined by $\dpb{x, \phi}{E} = \dpb{x, u}{E} - i \dpb{ix, u}{E}$ for all $x \in E$, then $f \in \hom(E; \complex)$.
|
Conversely, if $u \in \hom(E; \real)$ and $\phi \in \hom(E; \complex)$ is defined by $\dpb{x, \phi}{E} = \dpb{x, u}{E} - i \dpb{ix, u}{E}$ for all $x \in E$, then $f \in \hom(E; \complex)$.
|
||||||
\end{proposition}
|
\end{proposition}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Proposition 5.5]{Folland}}}. ]
|
||||||
(1): Given that $\phi \in \hom(E; \real)$, $u \in \hom(E; \real)$. For any $x \in E$,
|
(1): Given that $\phi \in \hom(E; \real)$, $u \in \hom(E; \real)$. For any $x \in E$,
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
\im{\dpb{x, \phi}{E}} = \re{-i \dpb{x, \phi}{E}} = -\dpb{ix, u}{E}
|
\im{\dpb{x, \phi}{E}} = \re{-i \dpb{x, \phi}{E}} = -\dpb{ix, u}{E}
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@
|
|||||||
The construction of the Lebesgue integral using positive/negative and real/imaginary parts, and the deduction of properties from this definition both appear cumbersome. This comes from the lack of usage of its linearity on integrable simple functions. A more functional analytic approach will use this linearity and the density of simple functions to construct the integral. This is the route through which the Bochner integral will be presented.
|
The construction of the Lebesgue integral using positive/negative and real/imaginary parts, and the deduction of properties from this definition both appear cumbersome. This comes from the lack of usage of its linearity on integrable simple functions. A more functional analytic approach will use this linearity and the density of simple functions to construct the integral. This is the route through which the Bochner integral will be presented.
|
||||||
\end{remark}
|
\end{remark}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{theorem}[Dominated Convergence Theorem {{\cite[Theorem 2.24]{Folland}}}]
|
\begin{theorem}[Dominated Convergence Theorem]
|
||||||
\label{theorem:dct}
|
\label{theorem:dct}
|
||||||
Let $(X, \cm, \mu)$ be a measure space, $\seq{f_n} \subset \mathcal{L}^1(X)$, and $f:X \to \complex$ such that
|
Let $(X, \cm, \mu)$ be a measure space, $\seq{f_n} \subset \mathcal{L}^1(X)$, and $f:X \to \complex$ such that
|
||||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||||
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
|
|||||||
\end{enumerate}
|
\end{enumerate}
|
||||||
then $\int fd\mu = \limv{n}\int f_n d\mu$.
|
then $\int fd\mu = \limv{n}\int f_n d\mu$.
|
||||||
\end{theorem}
|
\end{theorem}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Theorem 2.24]{Folland}}}. ]
|
||||||
By (1) and (2), $f$ is measurable with $\int \abs{f}d\mu \le \int \abs{g}d\mu < \infty$, so $f \in \mathcal{L}^1(X)$. Now, since $g + f, g - f \ge 0$, by \hyperref[Fatou's lemma]{lemma:fatou} and \autoref{proposition:lebesgue-integral-properties},
|
By (1) and (2), $f$ is measurable with $\int \abs{f}d\mu \le \int \abs{g}d\mu < \infty$, so $f \in \mathcal{L}^1(X)$. Now, since $g + f, g - f \ge 0$, by \hyperref[Fatou's lemma]{lemma:fatou} and \autoref{proposition:lebesgue-integral-properties},
|
||||||
\begin{align*}
|
\begin{align*}
|
||||||
\int g d\mu + \int f d\mu &\le \liminf_{n \to \infty}\int g + f_n d\mu = \int g d\mu + \liminf_{n \to \infty}f_n d\mu \\
|
\int g d\mu + \int f d\mu &\le \liminf_{n \to \infty}\int g + f_n d\mu = \int g d\mu + \liminf_{n \to \infty}f_n d\mu \\
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
|
|||||||
the two sides are equal.
|
the two sides are equal.
|
||||||
\end{proof}
|
\end{proof}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{theorem}[Monotone Convergence Theorem, {{\cite[Theorem 2.14]{Folland}}}]
|
\begin{theorem}[Monotone Convergence Theorem]
|
||||||
\label{theorem:mct}
|
\label{theorem:mct}
|
||||||
Let $(X, \cm, \mu)$ be a measure space, $\seq{f_n} \subset \mathcal{L}^+(X, \cm)$, and $f \in \mathcal{L}^+(X, \cm)$ such that $f_n \upto f$ pointwise, then
|
Let $(X, \cm, \mu)$ be a measure space, $\seq{f_n} \subset \mathcal{L}^+(X, \cm)$, and $f \in \mathcal{L}^+(X, \cm)$ such that $f_n \upto f$ pointwise, then
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
|
|||||||
\]
|
\]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\end{theorem}
|
\end{theorem}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Theorem 2.14]{Folland}}}. ]
|
||||||
By \autoref{definition:lebesgue-non-negative}, $\int f_n d\mu \le \int f d\mu$ for each $n \in \natp$.
|
By \autoref{definition:lebesgue-non-negative}, $\int f_n d\mu \le \int f d\mu$ for each $n \in \natp$.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Let $\phi \in \Sigma^+(X, \cm)$ with $\phi|_{\bracs{f > 0}} < f|_{\bracs{f > 0}}$ and $\phi \le f$. Since $f_n \upto f$, $\bracs{f_n \ge \phi} \upto X$. In which case, since $A \mapsto \int \one_A \phi d\mu$ is a measure (\autoref{proposition:lebesgue-simple-properties}),
|
Let $\phi \in \Sigma^+(X, \cm)$ with $\phi|_{\bracs{f > 0}} < f|_{\bracs{f > 0}}$ and $\phi \le f$. Since $f_n \upto f$, $\bracs{f_n \ge \phi} \upto X$. In which case, since $A \mapsto \int \one_A \phi d\mu$ is a measure (\autoref{proposition:lebesgue-simple-properties}),
|
||||||
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
|
|||||||
by continuity from below (\autoref{proposition:measure-properties}). Therefore $\limv{n}\int f_n d\mu \ge \int f$ by \autoref{lemma:lebesgue-non-negative-strict}.
|
by continuity from below (\autoref{proposition:measure-properties}). Therefore $\limv{n}\int f_n d\mu \ge \int f$ by \autoref{lemma:lebesgue-non-negative-strict}.
|
||||||
\end{proof}
|
\end{proof}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{lemma}[Fatou, {{\cite[Lemma 2.18]{Folland}}}]
|
\begin{lemma}[Fatou]
|
||||||
\label{lemma:fatou}
|
\label{lemma:fatou}
|
||||||
Let $(X, \cm, \mu)$ be a measure space, $\seq{f_n} \subset \mathcal{L}^+(X, \cm)$, then
|
Let $(X, \cm, \mu)$ be a measure space, $\seq{f_n} \subset \mathcal{L}^+(X, \cm)$, then
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
|
|||||||
\]
|
\]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\end{lemma}
|
\end{lemma}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Lemma 2.18]{Folland}}}. ]
|
||||||
For each $n \in \natp$, $\inf_{k \ge n}f_k \le f_n$. By the monotone convergence theorem,
|
For each $n \in \natp$, $\inf_{k \ge n}f_k \le f_n$. By the monotone convergence theorem,
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
\int \liminf_{n \to \infty}f_n d\mu = \limv{n}\int \inf_{k \ge n}f_k d\mu
|
\int \liminf_{n \to \infty}f_n d\mu = \limv{n}\int \inf_{k \ge n}f_k d\mu
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
|
|||||||
Thus $\mu_{[n]}(K_n) \ge \eps/2$.
|
Thus $\mu_{[n]}(K_n) \ge \eps/2$.
|
||||||
\end{proof}
|
\end{proof}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{theorem}[Kolmogorov's Extension Theorem, {{\cite[Theorem 1.14]{Baudoin}}}]
|
\begin{theorem}[Kolmogorov's Extension Theorem]
|
||||||
\label{theorem:kolmogorov-extension}
|
\label{theorem:kolmogorov-extension}
|
||||||
Let $\seqi{X}$ be topological spaces where for each $J \subset I$ finite,
|
Let $\seqi{X}$ be topological spaces where for each $J \subset I$ finite,
|
||||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||||
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
|
|||||||
\end{enumerate}
|
\end{enumerate}
|
||||||
Let $\bracs{\mu_{I}| I \subset \natp \text{ finite}}$ be consistent Borel probability measures, then there exists a unique probability measure $\mu: \bigotimes_{i \in I}\cb_{X_i} \to [0, 1]$ such that for any $J \subset I$ finite, $\mu = \mu_J \circ \pi_J^{-1}$.
|
Let $\bracs{\mu_{I}| I \subset \natp \text{ finite}}$ be consistent Borel probability measures, then there exists a unique probability measure $\mu: \bigotimes_{i \in I}\cb_{X_i} \to [0, 1]$ such that for any $J \subset I$ finite, $\mu = \mu_J \circ \pi_J^{-1}$.
|
||||||
\end{theorem}
|
\end{theorem}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Theorem 1.14]{Baudoin}}}. ]
|
||||||
Let
|
Let
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
\alg = \bracs{\pi_J^{-1}(B)| B \in \bigotimes_{j \in J}\cb_{X_j}, J \subset I \text{ finite}}
|
\alg = \bracs{\pi_J^{-1}(B)| B \in \bigotimes_{j \in J}\cb_{X_j}, J \subset I \text{ finite}}
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
|
|||||||
(2): By \autoref{proposition:elementary-family-algebra}, $\alg$ is a ring.
|
(2): By \autoref{proposition:elementary-family-algebra}, $\alg$ is a ring.
|
||||||
\end{proof}
|
\end{proof}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{definition}[Lebesgue-Stieltjes Measure, {{\cite[Theorem 1.16]{Folland}}}]
|
\begin{definition}[Lebesgue-Stieltjes Measure]
|
||||||
\label{definition:lebesgue-stieltjes-measure}
|
\label{definition:lebesgue-stieltjes-measure}
|
||||||
Let $\mu: \cb_\real \to [0, \infty]$ be a Borel measure on $\real$ such that for any $K \subset \real$ compact, $\mu(K) < \infty$, then
|
Let $\mu: \cb_\real \to [0, \infty]$ be a Borel measure on $\real$ such that for any $K \subset \real$ compact, $\mu(K) < \infty$, then
|
||||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||||
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
|
|||||||
\end{enumerate}
|
\end{enumerate}
|
||||||
Conversely, if $F: \real \to \real$ is a Stieltjes function, then there exists a unique Borel measure $\mu_F: \cb_\real \to [0, \infty]$ satisfying (1), and $\mu_F$ is the \textbf{Lebesgue-Stieltjes measure} associated with $F$.
|
Conversely, if $F: \real \to \real$ is a Stieltjes function, then there exists a unique Borel measure $\mu_F: \cb_\real \to [0, \infty]$ satisfying (1), and $\mu_F$ is the \textbf{Lebesgue-Stieltjes measure} associated with $F$.
|
||||||
\end{definition}
|
\end{definition}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Theorem 1.16]{Folland}}}. ]
|
||||||
(1): Let
|
(1): Let
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
F: \real \to \real \quad x \mapsto \begin{cases}
|
F: \real \to \real \quad x \mapsto \begin{cases}
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
\end{definition}
|
\end{definition}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{theorem}[Carathéodory, {{\cite[Theorem 1.11]{Folland}}}]
|
\begin{theorem}[Carathéodory]
|
||||||
\label{theorem:caratheodory}
|
\label{theorem:caratheodory}
|
||||||
Let $X$ be a set, $\mu^*: 2^X \to [0, \infty]$ be an outer measure, and $\cm \subset 2^X$ be the collection of all $\mu^*$-measurable sets, then:
|
Let $X$ be a set, $\mu^*: 2^X \to [0, \infty]$ be an outer measure, and $\cm \subset 2^X$ be the collection of all $\mu^*$-measurable sets, then:
|
||||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||||
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
|
|||||||
\item $(X, \cm, \mu^*|_\cm)$ is a complete measure space.
|
\item $(X, \cm, \mu^*|_\cm)$ is a complete measure space.
|
||||||
\end{enumerate}
|
\end{enumerate}
|
||||||
\end{theorem}
|
\end{theorem}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Theorem 1.11]{Folland}}}. ]
|
||||||
(1): Let $N \in \nat$, then
|
(1): Let $N \in \nat$, then
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
\mu^*\paren{F \cap \bigsqcup_{n \in \natp}E_n} \ge \mu^*\paren{F \cap \bigsqcup_{n =1}^N E_n} = \sum_{n = 1}^N \mu^*(F \cap E_n)
|
\mu^*\paren{F \cap \bigsqcup_{n \in \natp}E_n} \ge \mu^*\paren{F \cap \bigsqcup_{n =1}^N E_n} = \sum_{n = 1}^N \mu^*(F \cap E_n)
|
||||||
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@
|
|||||||
\end{enumerate}
|
\end{enumerate}
|
||||||
\end{definition}
|
\end{definition}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{theorem}[Carathéodory's Extension Theorem, {{\cite[Theorem 1.14]{Folland}}}]
|
\begin{theorem}[Carathéodory's Extension Theorem]
|
||||||
\label{theorem:caratheodory-extension}
|
\label{theorem:caratheodory-extension}
|
||||||
Let $X$ be a set, $\alg \subset 2^X$ be a ring, and $\mu_0: \alg \to [0, \infty]$ be a premeasure, then there exists a measure space $(X, \cm, \mu)$ such that
|
Let $X$ be a set, $\alg \subset 2^X$ be a ring, and $\mu_0: \alg \to [0, \infty]$ be a premeasure, then there exists a measure space $(X, \cm, \mu)$ such that
|
||||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||||
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
|
|||||||
\end{enumerate}
|
\end{enumerate}
|
||||||
\end{enumerate}
|
\end{enumerate}
|
||||||
\end{theorem}
|
\end{theorem}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Theorem 1.14]{Folland}}}. ]
|
||||||
Let
|
Let
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
\mu^*: 2^X \to [0, \infty] \quad E \mapsto \inf\bracs{\sum_{n \in \natp}\mu_0(E_n) \bigg | \seq{E_n} \subset \alg, \bigcup_{n \in \natp}E_n \supset E}
|
\mu^*: 2^X \to [0, \infty] \quad E \mapsto \inf\bracs{\sum_{n \in \natp}\mu_0(E_n) \bigg | \seq{E_n} \subset \alg, \bigcup_{n \in \natp}E_n \supset E}
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@
|
|||||||
\end{proof}
|
\end{proof}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{theorem}[Singer's Representation Theorem, {{\cite{HensgenSinger}}}]
|
\begin{theorem}[Singer's Representation Theorem]
|
||||||
\label{theorem:singer-representation}
|
\label{theorem:singer-representation}
|
||||||
Let $X$ be an LCH space and $E$ be a normed space over $K \in \RC$. For each $\mu \in M_R(X; E^*)$, let
|
Let $X$ be an LCH space and $E$ be a normed space over $K \in \RC$. For each $\mu \in M_R(X; E^*)$, let
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
is an isometric isomorphism.
|
is an isometric isomorphism.
|
||||||
\end{theorem}
|
\end{theorem}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite{HensgenSinger}}}. ]
|
||||||
(Isometric): Let $\mu \in M_R(X; E^*)$, then for any $f \in C_0(X; E)$,
|
(Isometric): Let $\mu \in M_R(X; E^*)$, then for any $f \in C_0(X; E)$,
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
|\dpn{f, I_\mu}{C_0(X; E)}| \le \int \norm{f}_E d|\mu| \le \norm{f}_u \cdot \norm{\mu}_{\text{var}}
|
|\dpn{f, I_\mu}{C_0(X; E)}| \le \int \norm{f}_E d|\mu| \le \norm{f}_u \cdot \norm{\mu}_{\text{var}}
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@
|
|||||||
\]
|
\]
|
||||||
\end{proof}
|
\end{proof}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{theorem}[Lusin, {{\cite[Theorem 7.10]{Folland}}}]
|
\begin{theorem}[Lusin]
|
||||||
\label{theorem:lusin}
|
\label{theorem:lusin}
|
||||||
Let $X$ be a LCH space, $\mu$ be a Radon measure on $X$, $E$ be a normed vector space, and $f: X \to E$ be a measurable function with $\mu\bracs{f \ne 0} < \infty$, then for any $\eps > 0$,
|
Let $X$ be a LCH space, $\mu$ be a Radon measure on $X$, $E$ be a normed vector space, and $f: X \to E$ be a measurable function with $\mu\bracs{f \ne 0} < \infty$, then for any $\eps > 0$,
|
||||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||||
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@
|
|||||||
\item If $E = \complex$ and $f$ is bounded, then $\phi$ can be taken such that $\norm{\phi}_u \le \norm{f}_u$.
|
\item If $E = \complex$ and $f$ is bounded, then $\phi$ can be taken such that $\norm{\phi}_u \le \norm{f}_u$.
|
||||||
\end{enumerate}
|
\end{enumerate}
|
||||||
\end{theorem}
|
\end{theorem}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Theorem 7.10]{Folland}}}. ]
|
||||||
First assume that $f$ is bounded.
|
First assume that $f$ is bounded.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
(1, bounded): If $f$ is bounded, then $f \in L^1(X; E)$. By \autoref{proposition:radon-cc-dense}, there exists $\seq{\phi_n} \subset C_c(X)$ such that $\phi_n \to f$ in $L^1(\mu)$. Since $\phi_n \to f$ in $L^1(\mu)$, $\phi_n \to f$ in measure by \autoref{proposition:lp-in-measure}. By taking a subsequence using \ref{proposition:cauchy-in-measure-limit}, assume without loss of generality that $\phi_n \to f$ almost everywhere.
|
(1, bounded): If $f$ is bounded, then $f \in L^1(X; E)$. By \autoref{proposition:radon-cc-dense}, there exists $\seq{\phi_n} \subset C_c(X)$ such that $\phi_n \to f$ in $L^1(\mu)$. Since $\phi_n \to f$ in $L^1(\mu)$, $\phi_n \to f$ in measure by \autoref{proposition:lp-in-measure}. By taking a subsequence using \ref{proposition:cauchy-in-measure-limit}, assume without loss of generality that $\phi_n \to f$ almost everywhere.
|
||||||
@@ -223,14 +223,14 @@
|
|||||||
(2, unbounded): By (1) applied to $g$, there exists $\phi \in C_c(X; \complex)$ such that $\mu\bracs{\phi \ne g} < \eps/2$, and $\mu(\bracs{\phi \ne f}) < \eps$.
|
(2, unbounded): By (1) applied to $g$, there exists $\phi \in C_c(X; \complex)$ such that $\mu\bracs{\phi \ne g} < \eps/2$, and $\mu(\bracs{\phi \ne f}) < \eps$.
|
||||||
\end{proof}
|
\end{proof}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{proposition}[Monotone Convergence Theorem for Lower Semicontinuous Functions, {{\cite[Proposition 7.12]{Folland}}}]
|
\begin{proposition}[Monotone Convergence Theorem for Lower Semicontinuous Functions]
|
||||||
\label{proposition:mct-radon}
|
\label{proposition:mct-radon}
|
||||||
Let $X$ be a LCH space, $\net{f}$ and $f: X \to [0, \infty]$ be non-negative lower semicontinuous functions such that $f_\alpha \upto f$, then for any Radon measure $\mu$ on $X$,
|
Let $X$ be a LCH space, $\net{f}$ and $f: X \to [0, \infty]$ be non-negative lower semicontinuous functions such that $f_\alpha \upto f$, then for any Radon measure $\mu$ on $X$,
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
\int f d\mu = \sup_{\alpha \in A}\int f_\alpha d\mu
|
\int f d\mu = \sup_{\alpha \in A}\int f_\alpha d\mu
|
||||||
\]
|
\]
|
||||||
\end{proposition}
|
\end{proposition}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Proposition 7.12]{Folland}}}. ]
|
||||||
Assume without loss of generality that $\int f d\mu < \infty$. By \autoref{proposition:semicontinuous-properties}, $f$ is Borel measurable, so $f \ge f_\alpha$ for all $\alpha \in A$ implies that
|
Assume without loss of generality that $\int f d\mu < \infty$. By \autoref{proposition:semicontinuous-properties}, $f$ is Borel measurable, so $f \ge f_\alpha$ for all $\alpha \in A$ implies that
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
\int f d\mu \ge \sup_{\alpha \in A}\int f_\alpha d\mu
|
\int f d\mu \ge \sup_{\alpha \in A}\int f_\alpha d\mu
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
|
|||||||
\end{proof}
|
\end{proof}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{theorem}[Riesz Representation Theorem, {{\cite[Theorem 7.2]{Folland}}}]
|
\begin{theorem}[Riesz Representation Theorem]
|
||||||
\label{theorem:riesz-radon}
|
\label{theorem:riesz-radon}
|
||||||
Let $(X, \topo)$ be a LCH space and $I \in \hom(C_c(X; \real); \real)$ be a positive linear functional, then there exists a Borel measure $\mu: \cb_X \to [0, \infty]$ such that:
|
Let $(X, \topo)$ be a LCH space and $I \in \hom(C_c(X; \real); \real)$ be a positive linear functional, then there exists a Borel measure $\mu: \cb_X \to [0, \infty]$ such that:
|
||||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||||
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
|
|||||||
\item[(U)] If $\nu: \cb_X \to [0, \infty]$ is a Borel measure that satisfies (3) and (4), then $\mu = \nu$.
|
\item[(U)] If $\nu: \cb_X \to [0, \infty]$ is a Borel measure that satisfies (3) and (4), then $\mu = \nu$.
|
||||||
\end{enumerate}
|
\end{enumerate}
|
||||||
\end{theorem}
|
\end{theorem}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Theorem 7.2]{Folland}}}. ]
|
||||||
(1): For any $U \in \topo$ and $f \in C_c(X; \real)$, denote $f \prec U$ if $f \in C_c(X; [0, 1])$ and $\supp{f} \subset U$. Let
|
(1): For any $U \in \topo$ and $f \in C_c(X; \real)$, denote $f \prec U$ if $f \in C_c(X; [0, 1])$ and $\supp{f} \subset U$. Let
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
\mu_0: \topo \to [0, \infty] \quad U \mapsto \sup_{f \prec U}\dpb{f, I}{C_c(X; \real)}
|
\mu_0: \topo \to [0, \infty] \quad U \mapsto \sup_{f \prec U}\dpb{f, I}{C_c(X; \real)}
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
|
|||||||
\end{proof}
|
\end{proof}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{theorem}[Hahn Decomposition, {{\cite[Theorem 3.3]{Folland}}}]
|
\begin{theorem}[Hahn Decomposition]
|
||||||
\label{theorem:hahn-decomposition}
|
\label{theorem:hahn-decomposition}
|
||||||
Let $(X, \cm)$ be a measurable space and $\mu: \cm \to [-\infty, \infty]$ be a signed measure, then there exists $P, N \in \cm$ such that:
|
Let $(X, \cm)$ be a measurable space and $\mu: \cm \to [-\infty, \infty]$ be a signed measure, then there exists $P, N \in \cm$ such that:
|
||||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||||
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
The disjoint union $X = P \sqcup N$ is the \textbf{Hahn decomposition} of $\mu$.
|
The disjoint union $X = P \sqcup N$ is the \textbf{Hahn decomposition} of $\mu$.
|
||||||
\end{theorem}
|
\end{theorem}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Theorem 3.3]{Folland}}}. ]
|
||||||
By flipping the sign of $\mu$, assume without loss of generality that $\mu < \infty$.
|
By flipping the sign of $\mu$, assume without loss of generality that $\mu < \infty$.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
(1): Let $M = \sup\bracs{\mu(P)|P \in \cm \text{ positive}}$, then there exists positive sets $\seq{P_n} \subset \cm$ such that $\mu(P_n) \upto M$. Let $P = \bigcup_{n \in \natp}P_n$, then $P$ is positive by \autoref{lemma:positive-sets-properties}, and $\sup_{n \in \natp}\mu(P_n) \le \mu(P) \le M$.
|
(1): Let $M = \sup\bracs{\mu(P)|P \in \cm \text{ positive}}$, then there exists positive sets $\seq{P_n} \subset \cm$ such that $\mu(P_n) \upto M$. Let $P = \bigcup_{n \in \natp}P_n$, then $P$ is positive by \autoref{lemma:positive-sets-properties}, and $\sup_{n \in \natp}\mu(P_n) \le \mu(P) \le M$.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@
|
|||||||
so $V = \bigcup_{j = 1}^n V_{x_j} \in \cn^o(K)$ is precompact.
|
so $V = \bigcup_{j = 1}^n V_{x_j} \in \cn^o(K)$ is precompact.
|
||||||
\end{proof}
|
\end{proof}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{lemma}[Urysohn's Lemma (LCH), {{\cite[Lemma 4.32]{Folland}}}]
|
\begin{lemma}[Urysohn's Lemma (LCH)]
|
||||||
\label{lemma:lch-urysohn}
|
\label{lemma:lch-urysohn}
|
||||||
Let $X$ be a LCH space, $K \subset X$ be compact, and $U \in \cn(K)$, then there exists $f \in C_c(X; [0, 1])$ such that $\supp{f} \subset U$.
|
Let $X$ be a LCH space, $K \subset X$ be compact, and $U \in \cn(K)$, then there exists $f \in C_c(X; [0, 1])$ such that $\supp{f} \subset U$.
|
||||||
\end{lemma}
|
\end{lemma}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Lemma 4.32]{Folland}}}. ]
|
||||||
By \autoref{lemma:lch-compact-neighbour}, there exists $V, W \in \cn^o(K)$ precompact such that
|
By \autoref{lemma:lch-compact-neighbour}, there exists $V, W \in \cn^o(K)$ precompact such that
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
K \subset V \subset \ol{V} \subset W \subset \ol{W} \subset U
|
K \subset V \subset \ol{V} \subset W \subset \ol{W} \subset U
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||||||
\section{Regular Spaces}
|
\section{Regular Spaces}
|
||||||
\label{section:regularspaces}
|
\label{section:regularspaces}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{definition}[Regular Space, {{\cite[Proposition 1.4.11]{Bourbaki}}}]
|
\begin{definition}[Regular Space]
|
||||||
\label{definition:regular}
|
\label{definition:regular}
|
||||||
Let $X$ be a topological space, then the following are equivalent:
|
Let $X$ be a topological space, then the following are equivalent:
|
||||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||||
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
|
|||||||
\end{enumerate}
|
\end{enumerate}
|
||||||
If $X$ is a T1 space such that the above holds, then $X$ is \textbf{regular}.
|
If $X$ is a T1 space such that the above holds, then $X$ is \textbf{regular}.
|
||||||
\end{definition}
|
\end{definition}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Proposition 1.4.11]{Bourbaki}}}. ]
|
||||||
$(1) \Rightarrow (2)$: Let $U \in \cn^o(x)$, then $U^c$ is closed with $x \not\in U^c$ by (V1). Thus there exists $V \in \cn^o(U^c)$ such that $x \not\in V$, so $V^c \in \cn(x)$ is closed with $V^c \subset U$.
|
$(1) \Rightarrow (2)$: Let $U \in \cn^o(x)$, then $U^c$ is closed with $x \not\in U^c$ by (V1). Thus there exists $V \in \cn^o(U^c)$ such that $x \not\in V$, so $V^c \in \cn(x)$ is closed with $V^c \subset U$.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
$(2) \Rightarrow (1)$: Since $X$ is Hausdorff, $X$ is T1 as well. Let $x \in X$ and $A \subset X$ closed such that $x \not\in A$, then $A^c \in \cn(x)$. So there exists $K \in \cn(x)$ closed such that $x \in K \subset A^c$. Thus $K \in \cn(x)$ and $K^c \in \cn(A)$ are the desired neighbourhoods.
|
$(2) \Rightarrow (1)$: Since $X$ is Hausdorff, $X$ is T1 as well. Let $x \in X$ and $A \subset X$ closed such that $x \not\in A$, then $A^c \in \cn(x)$. So there exists $K \in \cn(x)$ closed such that $x \in K \subset A^c$. Thus $K \in \cn(x)$ and $K^c \in \cn(A)$ are the desired neighbourhoods.
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
|
|||||||
\end{proof}
|
\end{proof}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{theorem}[Extension of Uniformly Continuous Functions, {{\cite[Theorem 1.3.2]{Bourbaki}}}]
|
\begin{theorem}[Extension of Cauchy Continuous Functions]
|
||||||
\label{theorem:uniform-continuous-extension}
|
\label{theorem:uniform-continuous-extension}
|
||||||
Let $(X, \fU)$ be a uniform space, $(Y, \fV)$ be a complete Hausdorff uniform space, $A \subset Y$ be a dense subset, and $f \in C(A; Y)$ be Cauchy continuous, then:
|
Let $(X, \fU)$ be a uniform space, $(Y, \fV)$ be a complete Hausdorff uniform space, $A \subset Y$ be a dense subset, and $f \in C(A; Y)$ be Cauchy continuous, then:
|
||||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||||
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
|
|||||||
\item If $f \in UC(A; Y)$, then $F \in UC(X; Y)$.
|
\item If $f \in UC(A; Y)$, then $F \in UC(X; Y)$.
|
||||||
\end{enumerate}
|
\end{enumerate}
|
||||||
\end{theorem}
|
\end{theorem}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Theorem 1.3.2]{Bourbaki}}}. ]
|
||||||
(1): By \autoref{proposition:imagecauchy}, $f(\bracs{U \cap A| U \in \cn(x)})$ is a Cauchy filter base for all $x \in X$. Thus the existence and uniqueness of the extension follows from \autoref{proposition:uniformextension}.
|
(1): By \autoref{proposition:imagecauchy}, $f(\bracs{U \cap A| U \in \cn(x)})$ is a Cauchy filter base for all $x \in X$. Thus the existence and uniqueness of the extension follows from \autoref{proposition:uniformextension}.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
(2): Let $V \in \fV$. Using \autoref{proposition:goodentourages}, assume without loss of generality that $V$ is symmetric and closed. Since $f \in UC(A; Y)$, there exists $U \in \fU$ such that $(f(x), f(y)) \in V$ whenever $(x, y) \in U$. Using \autoref{proposition:subspace-entourage}, assume without loss of generality that $U = \overline{U} = \ol{U \cap (A \times A)}$. In which case, since $F$ is continuous,
|
(2): Let $V \in \fV$. Using \autoref{proposition:goodentourages}, assume without loss of generality that $V$ is symmetric and closed. Since $f \in UC(A; Y)$, there exists $U \in \fU$ such that $(f(x), f(y)) \in V$ whenever $(x, y) \in U$. Using \autoref{proposition:subspace-entourage}, assume without loss of generality that $U = \overline{U} = \ol{U \cap (A \times A)}$. In which case, since $F$ is continuous,
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
|||||||
\label{section:completion}
|
\label{section:completion}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{definition}[Hausdorff Completion, {{\cite[Theorem 2.3.3]{Bourbaki}}}]
|
\begin{definition}[Hausdorff Completion]
|
||||||
\label{definition:hausdorff-completion}
|
\label{definition:hausdorff-completion}
|
||||||
Let $(X, \fU)$ be a uniform space, then there exists a $(\wh X, \iota)$ such that:
|
Let $(X, \fU)$ be a uniform space, then there exists a $(\wh X, \iota)$ such that:
|
||||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||||
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
The pair $(\wh X, \iota)$ is the \textbf{Hausdorff completion} of $X$.
|
The pair $(\wh X, \iota)$ is the \textbf{Hausdorff completion} of $X$.
|
||||||
\end{definition}
|
\end{definition}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Theorem 2.3.3]{Bourbaki}}}. ]
|
||||||
(1, Uniform), (4): Let $\wh X$ be the set of all minimal Cauchy filters on $X$. For each $V \in \fU$, let
|
(1, Uniform), (4): Let $\wh X$ be the set of all minimal Cauchy filters on $X$. For each $V \in \fU$, let
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
\wh V = \bracsn{(\fF, \mathfrak{G}) \in \wh X| \exists U \in \fF \cap \mathfrak{G}: U \times U \subset V}
|
\wh V = \bracsn{(\fF, \mathfrak{G}) \in \wh X| \exists U \in \fF \cap \mathfrak{G}: U \times U \subset V}
|
||||||
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@
|
|||||||
Since the mapping $(\iota \times \iota)^{-1}$ is a bijection between two bases of uniformities of $X$ and $\wh X$, it is sufficient to show that $\iota$ is injective. To this end, observe that for any $x, y \in X$, $\cn(x) = \cn(y)$ if and only if $x = y$ by (4) of \autoref{definition:hausdorff}.
|
Since the mapping $(\iota \times \iota)^{-1}$ is a bijection between two bases of uniformities of $X$ and $\wh X$, it is sufficient to show that $\iota$ is injective. To this end, observe that for any $x, y \in X$, $\cn(x) = \cn(y)$ if and only if $x = y$ by (4) of \autoref{definition:hausdorff}.
|
||||||
\end{proof}
|
\end{proof}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{definition}[Associated Hausdorff Uniform Space, {{\cite[Proposition 2.8.16]{Bourbaki}}}]
|
\begin{definition}[Associated Hausdorff Uniform Space]
|
||||||
\label{definition:associated-hausdorff}
|
\label{definition:associated-hausdorff}
|
||||||
Let $(X, \fU)$ be a uniform space, then there exists $(X', i)$ such that:
|
Let $(X, \fU)$ be a uniform space, then there exists $(X', i)$ such that:
|
||||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||||
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
|
|||||||
\end{enumerate}
|
\end{enumerate}
|
||||||
known as the \textbf{Hausdorff uniform space associated with} $(X, \fU)$.
|
known as the \textbf{Hausdorff uniform space associated with} $(X, \fU)$.
|
||||||
\end{definition}
|
\end{definition}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Proposition 2.8.16]{Bourbaki}}}. ]
|
||||||
Let $(\wh X, \iota)$ be the Hausdorff completion of $X$, $X' = \iota(X)$, and $i = \iota$, then $(X', i)$ satisfies (1) and (2).
|
Let $(\wh X, \iota)$ be the Hausdorff completion of $X$, $X' = \iota(X)$, and $i = \iota$, then $(X', i)$ satisfies (1) and (2).
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
(U): Let $(\wh Y, \iota)$ be the Hausdorff completion of $Y$. Using \autoref{lemma:completion-of-hausdorff}, identify $Y$ as a subspace of $\wh Y$. By (U) of the Hausdorff completion, there exists a unique $\ol F \in UC(\wh X; \wh Y)$ such that the following diagram commutes:
|
(U): Let $(\wh Y, \iota)$ be the Hausdorff completion of $Y$. Using \autoref{lemma:completion-of-hausdorff}, identify $Y$ as a subspace of $\wh Y$. By (U) of the Hausdorff completion, there exists a unique $\ol F \in UC(\wh X; \wh Y)$ such that the following diagram commutes:
|
||||||
|
|||||||
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@
|
|||||||
so $\fb_S$ is a fundamental system of entourages.
|
so $\fb_S$ is a fundamental system of entourages.
|
||||||
\end{proof}
|
\end{proof}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
\begin{definition}[Topology of a Uniform Space, {{\cite[Proposition 2.1.2]{Bourbaki}}}]
|
\begin{definition}[Topology of a Uniform Space]
|
||||||
\label{definition:uniformtopology}
|
\label{definition:uniformtopology}
|
||||||
Let $(X, \fU)$ be a uniform space and
|
Let $(X, \fU)$ be a uniform space and
|
||||||
\[
|
\[
|
||||||
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
then there exists a unique topology $\topo \subset 2^X$ such that $\cn_\topo = \cn$, known as the \textbf{topology induced by the uniform structure $\fU$}.
|
then there exists a unique topology $\topo \subset 2^X$ such that $\cn_\topo = \cn$, known as the \textbf{topology induced by the uniform structure $\fU$}.
|
||||||
\end{definition}
|
\end{definition}
|
||||||
\begin{proof}
|
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Proposition 2.1.2]{Bourbaki}}}. ]
|
||||||
Using \autoref{proposition:neighbourhoodcharacteristic}, it is sufficient to show that $\cn(x)$ is non-empty for all $x \in X$, and that it satisfies (F1), (F2), (V1), and (V2). Firstly, since $\fU \ne \emptyset$, $\cn(x) \ne \emptyset$ for all $x \in X$.
|
Using \autoref{proposition:neighbourhoodcharacteristic}, it is sufficient to show that $\cn(x)$ is non-empty for all $x \in X$, and that it satisfies (F1), (F2), (V1), and (V2). Firstly, since $\fU \ne \emptyset$, $\cn(x) \ne \emptyset$ for all $x \in X$.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
(F1): Let $U \in \fU$ and $V \supset U(x)$, then
|
(F1): Let $U \in \fU$ and $V \supset U(x)$, then
|
||||||
|
|||||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user