diff --git a/src/fa/rs/rs-bv.tex b/src/fa/rs/rs-bv.tex index d548a58..64b26ca 100644 --- a/src/fa/rs/rs-bv.tex +++ b/src/fa/rs/rs-bv.tex @@ -24,18 +24,18 @@ \label{proposition:rs-complete} Let $[a, b] \subset \real$, $E_1, E_2, H$ be locally convex spaces, and $E_1 \times E_2 \to H$ with $(x, y) \mapsto xy$ be a continuous bilinear map, and $G \in BV([a, b]; E_2)$. - For each continuous seminorm $\rho$ on $H$ and $f: [a, b] \to E$, define + For each continuous seminorm $\rho$ on $E_1$ and $f: [a, b] \to E_1$, define \[ - [f]_{u, \rho} = \sup_{x \in [a, b]}f(\rho) + [f]_{u, \rho} = \sup_{x \in [a, b]}\rho(f(x)) \] Let $\net{f} \subset RS([a, b], G)$ such that: \begin{enumerate} - \item[(a)] $\rho(f_\alpha - f) \to 0$ for all continuous seminorm $\rho$ on $E_1$. + \item[(a)] For each continuous seminorm $\rho$ on $E_1$, $[f_\alpha - f]_{u, \rho} \to 0$. \item[(b)] $\lim_{\alpha \in A}\int_a^b f_\alpha dG$ exists. \end{enumerate} then $f \in RS([a, b], G)$ and $\int_a^b f dG = \lim_{\alpha \in A}\int_a^b f_\alpha dG$. In particular, \begin{enumerate} - \item If $H$ is complete, then condition (a) may be omitted. + \item If $H$ is complete, then condition (b) may be omitted. \item If $H$ is sequentially complete and $A = \nat^+$, then condition (b) may be omitted. \end{enumerate} \end{proposition} diff --git a/src/measure/measure/outer.tex b/src/measure/measure/outer.tex index 3b4efdc..3ddec69 100644 --- a/src/measure/measure/outer.tex +++ b/src/measure/measure/outer.tex @@ -148,9 +148,9 @@ \end{align*} so $\nu(E) = \mu(E)$ whenever $\mu(E) < \infty$. - Finally, if $\mu$ is $\sigma$-finite, then there exists $\seq{E_n} \subset \cm$ such that $E_n \upto X$ and $\mu(E_n) < \infty$ for all $n \in \natp$. For each $n \in \natp$, there exists $\bracsn{E_{n, k}}_{k = 1}^\infty \subset \alg$ such that $E_n \subset \bigcup_{k \in \natp}E_{n, k}$ and $\mu\paren{\bigcup_{k \in \natp}E_{n, k}} < \infty$. Let $F_n = \bigcup_{j = 1}^n \bigcup_{k \in \natp}E_{n, k}$, then $\seq{F_n} \subset \sigma(\alg) \subset \cm \cap \cn$ with $F_n \upto X$ and $\mu(F_n) < \infty$ for all $n \in \nat$. For any $E \in \cm \cap \cn$, by continuity from below (\ref{proposition:measure-properties}), + Finally, if $\mu$ is $\sigma$-finite, then there exists $\seq{E_n} \subset \cm$ such that $E_n \upto X$ and $\mu(E_n) < \infty$ for all $n \in \natp$. For each $n \in \natp$, there exists $\bracsn{E_{n, k}}_{k = 1}^\infty \subset \alg$ such that $E_n \subset \bigcup_{k \in \natp}E_{n, k}$ and $\mu\paren{\bigcup_{k \in \natp}E_{n, k}} < \infty$. Let $F_n = \bigcup_{j = 1}^n \bigcup_{k \in \natp}E_{j, k}$, then $\seq{F_n} \subset \sigma(\alg) \subset \cm \cap \cn$ with $F_n \upto X$ and $\mu(F_n) < \infty$ for all $n \in \natp$. For any $E \in \cm \cap \cn$, by continuity from below (\ref{proposition:measure-properties}), \[ \nu(E) = \limv{n}\nu(E \cap F_n) = \limv{n}\mu(E \cap F_n) = \mu(E) \] - so $\nu_{\cm \cap \cn} = \mu_{\cm \cap \cn}$. + so $\nu|_{\cm \cap \cn} = \mu|_{\cm \cap \cn}$. \end{proof} diff --git a/src/measure/measure/regular.tex b/src/measure/measure/regular.tex index 55e8ac2..bca7c5d 100644 --- a/src/measure/measure/regular.tex +++ b/src/measure/measure/regular.tex @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ \end{definition} \begin{theorem}[{{\cite[Theorem 7.8]{Folland}}}] -\label{theorem:sigma-finite-regular-measure} +\label{theorem:sigma-compact-regular-measure} Let $X$ be a topological space and $\mu: \cb_X \to [0, \infty]$ be a Borel measure. If: \begin{enumerate} \item[(a)] $X$ is a LCH space. diff --git a/src/topology/main/index.tex b/src/topology/main/index.tex index 2d40d05..034bd53 100644 --- a/src/topology/main/index.tex +++ b/src/topology/main/index.tex @@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ \input{./src/topology/main/hausdorff.tex} \input{./src/topology/main/regular.tex} \input{./src/topology/main/normal.tex} +\input{./src/topology/main/unity.tex} \input{./src/topology/main/compact.tex} -\input{./src/topology/main/metric.tex} +\input{./src/topology/main/sigma-compact.tex} +\input{./src/topology/main/lch.tex} \input{./src/topology/main/baire.tex} diff --git a/src/topology/main/interiorclosureboundary.tex b/src/topology/main/interiorclosureboundary.tex index 4baa67a..2ab16f1 100644 --- a/src/topology/main/interiorclosureboundary.tex +++ b/src/topology/main/interiorclosureboundary.tex @@ -51,6 +51,15 @@ Since $f$ is continuous, $f^{-1}(\ol{f(A)})$ is closed and contains $A$. \end{proof} +\begin{proposition} +\label{proposition:closure-finite-union} + Let $X$ be a topological space and $\seqf{E_j} \subset 2^X$, then $\bigcup_{j = 1}^n \ol{E_j} = \ol{\bigcup_{j = 1}^n E_j}$. +\end{proposition} +\begin{proof} + Since $\bigcup_{j = 1}^n \ol{E_j}$ is closed, $\bigcup_{j = 1}^n \ol{E_j} \supset \ol{\bigcup_{j = 1}^n E_j}$. On the other hand, $\ol{\bigcup_{j = 1}^n E_j} \supset E_j$ for each $1 \le j \le n$. Thus $\ol{\bigcup_{j = 1}^n E_j} \supset \ol{E_j}$ for each $1 \le j \le n$, and $\ol{\bigcup_{j = 1}^n E_j} \supset \bigcup_{j = 1}^n\ol{E_j}$. +\end{proof} + + \begin{definition}[Dense] \label{definition:dense} diff --git a/src/topology/main/lch.tex b/src/topology/main/lch.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0203f91 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/topology/main/lch.tex @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +\section{Locally Compact Hausdorff Spaces} +\label{section:lch} + +\begin{definition}[Locally Compact Hausdorff Space] +\label{definition:lch} + Let $X$ be a Hausdorff space, then the following are equivalent: + \begin{enumerate} + \item For any $x \in X$, there exists $K \in \cn(x)$ compact. + \item For any $x \in X$, $\cn(x)$ admits a fundamental system of neighbourhoods consisting of compact sets. + \item For any $x \in X$, $\cn(x)$ admits a fundamental system of neighbourhoods consisting of precompact sets. + \end{enumerate} + If the above holds, then $X$ is a \textbf{locally compact Hausdorff (LCH)} space. +\end{definition} +\begin{proof} + (1) $\Rightarrow$ (2): Let $K \in \cn(x)$ be compact and $U \in \cn(x)$, then $\overline{U \cap K}$ is closed. By \ref{proposition:compact-closed}, $K$ itself is closed, so $\overline{U \cap K} \subset K$ is a closed subset of a compact set, and compact by \ref{proposition:compact-extensions}. + + (2) $\Rightarrow$ (3): Let $U \in \cn(x)$, then there exists $K \in \cn(x)$ with $x \in K \subset U$. By \ref{proposition:compact-closed}, $K$ is closed, so $\overline{K^o} \subset K$ is compact by \ref{proposition:compact-extensions}. +\end{proof} + +\begin{lemma} +\label{lemma:lch-compact-neighbour} + Let $X$ be a LCH space, $K \subset X$ be compact, and $U \in \cn(K)$, then there exits $V \in \cn^o(K)$ precompact such that $K \subset V \subset \ol{V} \subset U$. +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} + For each $x \in K$, there exists $V_x \in \cn^o(x)$ be precompact such that $x \in V_x \subset \overline{V_x} \subset U$ by (3) of \ref{definition:lch}. Since $K$ is compact, there exists $\seqf{x_j} \subset K$ such that + \[ + K \subset \bigcup_{j = 1}^n V_{x_j} \subset U + \] + By \ref{proposition:closure-finite-union}, + \[ + \ol{\bigcup_{j = 1}^n V_{x_j}} = \bigcup_{j = 1}^n \overline{V_{x_j}} \subset U + \] + so $V = \bigcup_{j = 1}^n V_{x_j} \in \cn^o(K)$ is precompact. +\end{proof} + +\begin{lemma}[Urysohn's Lemma (LCH), {{\cite[Lemma 4.32]{Folland}}}] +\label{lemma:lch-urysohn} + Let $X$ be a LCH space, $K \subset X$ be compact, and $U \in \cn(K)$, then there exists $f \in C_c(X; [0, 1])$ such that $\supp{f} \subset U$. +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} + By \ref{lemma:lch-compact-neighbour}, there exists $V, W \in \cn^o(K)$ precompact such that + \[ + K \subset V \subset \ol{V} \subset W \subset \ol{W} \subset U + \] + As $\ol{W}$ is compact, it is normal by \ref{proposition:compact-hausdorff-normal}. Since $X$ is Hausdorff, $K \subset \ol{W}$ is closed by \ref{proposition:compact-closed}. + + By Urysohn's lemma (\ref{lemma:urysohn}), there exists $f \in C(\ol{V}; [0, 1])$ such that $f|_K = 1$ and $f|_{\ol{W} \setminus V} = 0$. Let + \[ + F: X \to [0, 1] \quad x \mapsto \begin{cases} + f(x) &x \in W \\ + 0 &x \in X \setminus \ol{V} + \end{cases} + \] + then by the gluing lemma for continuous functions (\ref{lemma:gluing-continuous}), $F \in C_c(X; [0, 1])$ with $F|_{K} = 1$ and $\supp{f} \subset U$. +\end{proof} + +\begin{theorem}[Tietze Extension Theorem (LCH)] +\label{theorem:lch-tietze} + Let $X$ be a LCH space, $K \subset X$ be compact, $U \in \cn^o(K)$, and $f \in C(K; \real)$, then there exists $F \in C_c(U; \real)$ such that $F|_K = f$. +\end{theorem} +\begin{proof} + By \ref{lemma:lch-compact-neighbour}, there exists $V, W \in \cn^o(K)$ precompact such that $K \subset V \subset \ol{V} \subset U$. As $\ol{W}$ is compact, it is normal by \ref{proposition:compact-hausdorff-normal}. Since $X$ is Hausdorff, $K \subset \ol{W}$ is closed by \ref{proposition:compact-closed}. + + By the Tietze extension theorem (\ref{theorem:tietze}), there exists $F \in C(\ol{W}; \real)$ such that $F|_K = f$. By Urysohn's lemma (\ref{lemma:lch-urysohn}), there exists $\eta \in C_c(X; [0, 1])$ such that $\eta|_K = 1$ and $\supp{\eta} \subset V$. In which case, define + \[ + \ol F: X \to \real \quad x \mapsto \begin{cases} + \eta(x) \cdot f(x) &x \in V \\ + 0 &x \in X \setminus \supp{\eta} + \end{cases} + \] + then by the gluing lemma for continuous functions (\ref{lemma:gluing-continuous}), $\ol F \in C_c(X; \real)$ with $\ol F|_K = F|_K = f$ and $\supp{F} \subset \supp{\eta} \subset V \subset U$. +\end{proof} + +\begin{proposition}[{{\cite[Proposition 4.39]{Folland}}}] +\label{proposition:lch-sigma-compact} + Let $X$ be a LCH space, then the following are equivalent: + \begin{enumerate} + \item $X$ is $\sigma$-compact. + \item There exists an exhaustion of $X$ by compact sets. + \end{enumerate} +\end{proposition} +\begin{proof} + (1) $\Rightarrow$ (2): Let $\seq{K_n} \subset 2^X$ be compact such that $\bigcup_{n \in \natp}K_n = X$, and $U_0 = \emptyset$. + + Assume inductively that $\bracs{U_j}_0^n$ has been constructed such that: + \begin{enumerate} + \item[(a)] For each $0 \le k \le n$, $U_k$ is a precompact open set. + \item[(b)] For each $0 \le k < n$, $\overline{U_k} \subset U_{k+1}$. + \item[(c)] For each $1 \le k \le n$, $U_k \supset \bigcup_{j = 1}^k K_j$. + \end{enumerate} + By \ref{lemma:lch-compact-neighbour}, there exists $U_{n+1} \in \cn^o(\overline{U_n} \cup K_{n+1})$ precompact. In which case, by (c), + \[ + U_{n+1} \supset \ol{U_n} \cup K_{n+1} \supset \bigcup_{j = 1}^n K_j \cup K_{n+1} = \bigcup_{j = 1}^{n+1}K_j + \] + Thus $\bracs{U_j}_0^{n+1}$ satisfies (a), (b), and (c), and $\seq{U_n}$ is an exhaution of $X$ by compact sets. +\end{proof} + +\begin{proposition}[{{\cite[Proposition 4.41]{Folland}}}] +\label{proposition:lch-partition-of-unity} + Let $X$ be a LCH space, $K \subset X$ be compact, and $\seqi{U}$ be an open cover of $K$, then there exists a $C_c$ partition of unity on $K$ subordinate to $\seqi{U}$. +\end{proposition} +\begin{proof} + Since $K$ is compact, assume without loss of generality that $\seqi{U} = \seqf{U_j}$. + + For every $x \in K$, there exists $1 \le j \le n$ and $N_x \in \cn(x)$ compact such that $x \in N_x \subset U_j$. By compactness of $K$, there exists $\seqf[m]{x_j} \subset K$ such that $K = \bigcup_{j = 1}^m N_{x_j}$. + + For each $1 \le j \le n$, let + \[ + F_j = \bigcup_{\substack{1 \le k \le m \\ N_{x_k} \subset U_j}}N_{x_k} + \] + then $F_j \subset U_j$ is compact, and $\bigcup_{j = 1}^n F_j \supset K$. + + By Urysohn's lemma (\ref{lemma:lch-urysohn}), there exists $\seqf{f_j} \subset C_c(X; [0, 1])$ such that for each $1 \le j \le n$, $f_j|_{F_j} = 1$, and $\supp{f_j} \subset U_j$. + + By Urysohn's lemma again, there exists $f_{j + 1} \in C(X; [0, 1])$ such that $f_{j+1}|_{K} = 0$ and $\bracs{f_{j+1} = 0} \subset \bigcup_{j = 1}^n \supp{f_j}$. Let $F = \sum_{j = 1}^{n+1}f_j$, then $F(x) > 0$ for all $x \in X$. For each $1 \le j \le n$, let $g_j = f_j/F$, then $g_j \in C_c(X; [0, 1])$ with $\supp{g_j} \subset U_j$. In addition, since $f_{j+1}|_K = 0$, + \[ + \sum_{j = 1}^n g_j|_K = \frac{\sum_{j = 1}^n f_j}{F} = \frac{\sum_{j = 1}^n f_j}{\sum_{j = 1}^n f_j} = 1 + \] + Therefore $\seqf{g_j}$ is the desired partition of unity. +\end{proof} + + +LOCALLY FINITE EXHAUSTION diff --git a/src/topology/main/sigma-compact.tex b/src/topology/main/sigma-compact.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..494ef0d --- /dev/null +++ b/src/topology/main/sigma-compact.tex @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +\section{$\sigma$-Compact Spaces} +\label{section:sigma-compact} + +\begin{definition}[$\sigma$-Compact] +\label{definition:sigma-compact} + Let $X$ be a topological space, then $X$ is \textbf{$\sigma$-compact} if there exits $\seq{K_n} \subset 2^X$ compact such that $X = \bigcup_{n \in \natp}K_n$. +\end{definition} + +\begin{definition}[Exhaustion by Compact Sets] +\label{definition:compact-exhaustion} + Let $X$ be a topological space and $\seq{U_n} \subset 2^X$, then $\seq{U_n}$ is an \textbf{exhaustion of $X$ by compact sets} if: + \begin{enumerate} + \item For each $n \in \natp$, $U_n$ is open and precommpact. + \item For each $n \in \natp$, $\ol{U_n} \subset U_{n+1}$. + \end{enumerate} +\end{definition} diff --git a/src/topology/main/unity.tex b/src/topology/main/unity.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6661c8b --- /dev/null +++ b/src/topology/main/unity.tex @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +\section{Partitions of Unity} +\label{section:partition-of-unity} + + +\begin{definition}[Partition of Unity] +\label{definition:partition-of-unity} + Let $X$ be a topological space and $E \subset X$, then a \textbf{partition of unity} on $E$ is a family $\seqi{f} \subset C(X; [0, 1])$ such that: + \begin{enumerate} + \item For each $x \in X$, there exists $U \in \cn(x)$ such that $\bracs{i \in I|f_i|_U \ne 0}$ is finite. + \item $\sum_{i \in I}f_i|_E = 1$. + \end{enumerate} + + For any open cover $\mathcal U$ of $X$, $\seqi{f}$ is \textbf{subordinate} to $\mathcal U$ if for every $i \in I$, there exists $U \in \mathcal U$ such that $\supp{f_i} \subset \mathcal U$. +\end{definition} diff --git a/src/topology/uniform/metric.tex b/src/topology/uniform/metric.tex index 4ed7e06..0db77de 100644 --- a/src/topology/uniform/metric.tex +++ b/src/topology/uniform/metric.tex @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ The axioms of uniform spaces strongly resembles working in a metric space. In fa \end{enumerate} \end{lemma} \begin{proof} - (1) $\Rightarrow$ (2): Let $r > 0$, then there exists $V \in \fU$ symmetric such that for any $(x, x'), (y, y') \in V$, $\abs{d(x, y) - d(x', y')} < r$. In particular, for any $(x, y) \in V$, $(x, x), (x, y) \in V$. Thus $d(x, y) < d(x, x) + r = r$. Therefore $V \subset U_r$, and $U_r \in \fU$. + (1) $\Rightarrow$ (2): Let $r > 0$, then there exists $V \in \fU$ symmetric such that for any $(x, x'), (y, y') \in V$, $\abs{d(x, y) - d(x', y')} < r$. In particular, for any $(x, y) \in V$, $(x, x), (x, y) \in V$. Thus $d(x, y) < d(x, x) + r = r$, $V \subset U_r$, and $U_r \in \fU$. (2) $\Rightarrow$ (1): Let $r > 0$, then for any $(x, x'), (y, y') \in U_{r/2}$, $\abs{d(x, y) - d(x', y')} < r$ by the triangle inequality. \end{proof} @@ -229,14 +229,14 @@ The axioms of uniform spaces strongly resembles working in a metric space. In fa \] so $d$ induces the uniformity on $\fU$. - (3) $\Rightarrow$ (1): By (1) of \ref{definition:pseudometric-uniformity}, + (3) $\Rightarrow$ (1): By (1) of \ref{definition:pseudometric-uniformity}, if + \[ + U_{n, r} = \bracs{(x, y) \in X \times X| d_n(x, y) < r} + \] + then \[ \fB = \bracs{\bigcap_{j \in J}U_{j, r} \bigg | J \subset \nat \text{ finite}, r > 0} \] - where - \[ - U_{j, r} = \bracs{(x, y) \in X \times X| d_n(x, y) < r} - \] is a fundamental system of entourages for $\fU$. Since for any $r > 0$, there exists $q \in \rational \cap (0, r)$, \[ \bracs{\bigcap_{j \in J}U_{j, r} \bigg | J \subset \nat \text{ finite}, r \in \rational, r > 0}