This commit is contained in:
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
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\item $\mathfrak{E}(\sigma, \fU)$ generates a uniformity $\fV$ on $X^T$.
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\item The topology induced by $\fV$ is finer than the $\sigma$-open topology on $T^X$.
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\item If $\mathfrak{E}(\sigma, \fU)$ forms a fundamental system of entourages for $\fV$.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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The uniformity $\fV$ is the \textbf{$\sigma$-uniformity}, and the topology induced by $\fV$ is the \textbf{topology of uniform convergence on the sets $\sigma$}/\textbf{$\sigma$-uniform topology} on $X^T$.
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\end{definition}
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@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
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E(S, V) \circ E(S, V) \subset E(S, V \circ V) \subset E(S, U)
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\]
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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By \autoref{proposition:fundamental-entourage-criterion}, $\mathfrak{E}$ is a fundamental system of entourages for the uniformity that it generates.
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\end{proof}
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@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@
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\item The product topology on $X^T$.
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\item The $\sigma$-open topology, where $\sigma$ is the collection of all finite sets.
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\item (If $X$ is a uniform space) The $\mathfrak{F}$-uniform topology, where $\fF = \bracs{F| F \subset X \text{ finite}}$.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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This topology is the \textbf{topology of pointwise convergence} on $X^T$.
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\end{definition}
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@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item $C(X; Y) \subset Y^X$ is closed with respect to the uniform topology.
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\item If $X$ is a uniform space, then $UC(X; Y) \subset Y^X$ is closed with respect to the uniform topology.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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In particular, if $Y$ is complete, then the above spaces are complete.
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\end{proposition}
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@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
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\item For any $\seq{A_n} \subset 2^X$ nowhere dense, $\bigcup_{n \in \nat^+}A_n \subsetneq X$.
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\item For any $\seq{A_n} \subset 2^X$ closed with empty interior, $\bigcup_{n \in \nat^+}A_n$ has empty interior.
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\item For any $\seq{U_n} \subset 2^X$ open and dense, $\bigcap_{n \in \nat^+}U_n$ is dense.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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If the above holds, then $X$ is a \textbf{Baire space}.
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\end{definition}
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@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item[(a)] For all $n > 1$, $\ol V_n \subset U_n \cap V_{n - 1} \subset U$.
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\item[(b)] $\bigcap_{j \in \natp} \ol V_j$ is non-empty.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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then $X$ is a Baire space.
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\end{lemma}
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@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
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\item For every family $\seqi{E}$ of closed sets with $\bigcap_{j \in J}E_j \ne \emptyset$ for all $J \subset I$ finite, $\bigcap_{i \in I}E_i \ne \emptyset$.
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\item Every filter in $X$ has a cluster point.
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\item Every ultrafilter in $X$ converges.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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If the above holds, then $X$ is \textbf{compact}.
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\end{definition}
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@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item For any $x \in X$ and $U \in \cn_{X \times Y}^o(\bracs{x} \times Y)$, there exists $V \in \cn_X(x)$ such that $V \times Y \subset U$.
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\item For any $A \subset X$ and $U \in \cn_{X \times Y}^o(A \times Y)$, there exists $V \in \cn_X(A)$ such that $V \times Y \subset U$.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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\end{lemma}
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@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
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\item For any $\emptyset \ne U, V \subset X$ open with $U \cup V = X$, $U \cap V \ne \emptyset$.
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\item There exists no surjective $f \in C(X; \bracs{0, 1})$.
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\item For any $U \subset X$ open and closed, either $U = \emptyset$ or $U = X$.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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If the above holds, then $X$ is \textbf{connected}.
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\end{definition}
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@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item For each $V \in \cn(f(x))$, $f^{-1}(V) \in \cn(x)$.
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\item For each filter base $\fB \subset 2^X$ converging to $x$, $f(\fB)$ converges to $f(x)$.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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If the above holds, then $f$ is \textbf{continuous at} $x \in X$.
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@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
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\item For each $U \subset Y$ open, $f^{-1}(U)$ is open in $X$.
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\item $f$ is continuous at every $x \in X$.
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\item For each convergent filter base $\fB \subset 2^X$, $f(\fB)$ is convergent.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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If the above holds, then $f$ is \textbf{continuous}.
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@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item[(a)] $\bigcup_{i \in I}U_i = X$.
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\item[(b)] For each $i, j \in I$, either $U_i \cap U_j = \emptyset$, or $f_i|_{U_i \cap U_j} = f_j|_{U_i \cap U_j}$.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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then there exists a unique $f \in C(X; Y)$ such that $f|_{U_i} = f_i$ for all $i \in I$.
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\end{lemma}
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@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item[(FB1)] For any $E, F \in \fB$, there exists $G \in \fB$ such that $G \subset E \cap F$.
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\item[(FB2)] $\emptyset \not\in \fB$.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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Conversely, if $\fB \subset 2^X$ is a non-empty collection that satisfies (FB1) and (FB2), then $\fB$ is a base for the filter
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\[
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@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item $f(\fB) = \bracs{f(E)| E \in \fB}$ is also a filter base.
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\item If $\fB$ is an ultrafilter base, then $f(\fB)$ is also an ultrafilter base.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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\end{proposition}
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@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ The smallest filter $\fF(\fB_0) \subset 2^X$ containing $\fB_0$ is the filter \t
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\item $\fF$ is maximal with respect to inclusion.
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\item For any $E \subset X$, either $E \in \fF$ or $E^c \in \fF$.
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\item For any $\seqf{F_j} \subset X$ such that $\bigcup_{j = 1}^n F_j \in \fF$, there exists $1 \le j \le n$ such that $F_j \in \fF$.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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If the above holds, then $\fF$ is an \textbf{ultrafilter}.
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\end{definition}
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@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ The smallest filter $\fF(\fB_0) \subset 2^X$ containing $\fB_0$ is the filter \t
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\item $\fF \supset \cn(x)$.
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\item For each ultrafilter $\fU \supset \fF$, $\fU \supset \cn(x)$.
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\item There exists a fundamental system of neighbourhoods $\cb(x) \subset \cn(x)$ such that for every $E \in \cb$, there exists $F \in \fB$ with $F \subset E$.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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If the above holds, then $x$ is a \textbf{limit point} of $\fB$, and $\fB$ \textbf{converges} to $x$.
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@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ The smallest filter $\fF(\fB_0) \subset 2^X$ containing $\fB_0$ is the filter \t
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\item $x \in \bigcap_{E \in \fF}\overline{E}$.
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\item There exists a fundamental system of neighbourhoods $\cb(x) \subset \cn(x)$ such that for every $E \in \cb$ and $f \in \fB$, $E \cap F \ne \emptyset$.
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\item There exists a filter $\fU \supset \fB$ that converges to $x$.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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If the above holds, then $x$ is a \textbf{cluster/accumulation point} of $\fB$. In particular, if $\fF$ is an ultra filter, then (6) implies that the limit points and cluster points of $\fF$ coincide.
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\end{definition}
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@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
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\item Every filter in $X$ converges to at most one point.
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\item For any index set $I$, the diagonal $\Delta$ is closed in $X^I$.
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\item The diagonal $\Delta$ is closed in $X \times X$.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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If the above holds, then $X$ is a \textbf{T2/Hausdorff} space.
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\end{definition}
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@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
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\item For any $x \in X$, there exists $K \in \cn(x)$ compact.
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\item For any $x \in X$, $\cn(x)$ admits a fundamental system of neighbourhoods consisting of compact sets.
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\item For any $x \in X$, $\cn(x)$ admits a fundamental system of neighbourhoods consisting of precompact sets.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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If the above holds, then $X$ is a \textbf{locally compact Hausdorff (LCH)} space.
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\end{definition}
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@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@
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\item[(a)] For each $0 \le k \le n$, $U_k$ is a precompact open set.
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\item[(b)] For each $0 \le k < n$, $\overline{U_k} \subset U_{k+1}$.
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\item[(c)] For each $1 \le k \le n$, $U_k \supset \bigcup_{j = 1}^k K_j$.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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By \autoref{lemma:lch-compact-neighbour}, there exists $U_{n+1} \in \cn^o(\overline{U_n} \cup K_{n+1})$ precompact. In which case, by (c),
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\[
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@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item[(a)] $\ol{E} \subset \bigcup_{x \in X_E}N_x$.
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\item[(b)] For every $x \in X_E$, $N_x \cap E \ne \emptyset$.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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Let $X_{\ce} = \bigcup_{E \in \ce}X_\ce$, and for each $E \in \ce$, let
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\[
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@@ -36,13 +36,13 @@
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\item[(F2)] For any $A, B \in \cn_\topo(x)$, $A \cap B \in \cn_\topo(x)$.
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\item[(V1)] For every $A \in \cn_\topo(x)$, $x \in A$.
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\item[(V2)] For every $V \in \cn_\topo(x)$, there exists $W \in \cn_\topo(x)$ such that $V \in \cn_\topo(y)$ for all $y \in W$.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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Conversely, if $\cn: X \to 2^X$ is a mapping such that
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item $\cn(x) \ne \emptyset$ for all $x \in X$.
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\item $\cn(x)$ satisfies (F1), (F2), (V1), and (V2).
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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then there exists a unique topology $\topo \subset 2^X$ such that $\cn = \cn_\topo$.
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\end{proposition}
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@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item[(a)] $U_1 = B^c$.
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\item[(b)] For any $p, q \in \rational \cap [0, 1]$ with $p < q$, $\overline{U_p} \subset U_q$.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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\item There exists $f \in C(X; [0, 1])$ with $f|_A = 0$ and $f|_B = 1$.
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\end{enumerate}
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@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item For any $U \subset Y$, $U$ is open if and only if $\pi^{-1}(U)$ is open.
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\item $\pi \in C(X; Y)$, and for any $U \subset X$ saturated and open, $\pi(U)$ is open.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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If the above holds, then $\pi$ is a \textbf{quotient map}.
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\end{definition}
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@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
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\]
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\item $\pi$ is a quotient map.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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The space $(\td X, \pi)$ is the \textbf{quotient} of $X$ by $\sim$.
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\end{definition}
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@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item For each $x \in X$ and $A \subset X$ closed with $x \not\in A$, there exists $U \in \cn(x)$ and $V \in \cn(A)$ such that $U \cap V = \emptyset$.
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\item For each $x \in X$, the closed neighbourhoods of $x$ forms a fundamental system of neighbourhoods at $x$.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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If $X$ is a T1 space such that the above holds, then $X$ is \textbf{regular}.
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\end{definition}
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@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
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\item[(M)] For any $x, y \in X$ with $x \ne y$, $d(x, y) > 0$.
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\item[(PM2)] For any $x, y \in X$, $d(x, y) = d(y, x)$.
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\item[(PM3)] For any $x, y, z \in X$, $d(x, z) \le d(x, y) + d(y, z)$.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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The pair $(X, d)$ is a \textbf{metric space}, which comes with the metric uniformity induced by $d$, and the corresponding topology.
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\end{definition}
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@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item $A, B$ are $V$-small.
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\item $A \cap B \ne \emptyset$.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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then $A \cup B$ is $V \circ V$-small.
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\end{lemma}
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@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
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Moreover, if $f \in UC(X; Y)$, then $F \in UC(\wh X; Y)$.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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Moreover,
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\begin{enumerate}
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@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
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\item[(FB1)] Let $\wh U, \wh V \in \wh \fB$. By \autoref{lemma:symmetricfundamentalentourage}, there exists a symmetric entourage $W \in \fU$ such that $W \subset U \cap V$. In which case, for any $(\fF, \mathfrak{G}) \in \wh W$, there exists $E \in \fF \cap \mathfrak{G}$ with $E \times E \subset W \subset U \cap V$. Thus $\wh W \subset \wh U \cap \wh V$.
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\item[(UB1)] Let $\wh U \in \wh \fB$ and $\fF \in \wh X$, then since $\fF$ is Cauchy, there exists $E \in \fF$ such that $E \times E \subset U$, so $(\fF, \fF) \in \wh U$.
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\item[(UB2)] Let $\wh U \in \wh \fB$. By \autoref{lemma:symmetricfundamentalentourage}, there exists a symmetric entourage $W \in \fU$ such that $W \circ W \subset U$. For any $\fF, \mathfrak{G}, \mathfrak{H} \in \wh X$ such that $(\fF, \mathfrak{G}), (\mathfrak{G}, \mathfrak{H}) \in \wh W$, there exists $W$-small sets $E \in \fF \cap \mathfrak{G}$ and $F \in \fF \cap \mathfrak{H}$. Since $\mathfrak{G}$ is a filter, $E \cap F \ne \emptyset$ by (F2) and (F3). By \autoref{lemma:small-intersect}, $E \cup H$ is $W \circ W$-small and thus $U$-small. Using (F1), $E \cup H \in \fF \cap \mathfrak{H}$, so $(\fF, \mathfrak{H}) \in \wh U$. Therefore $\wh W \circ \wh W \subset U$.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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By \autoref{proposition:fundamental-entourage-criterion}, there exists a unique uniformity $\wh \fU \supset \wh \fB$. Moreover, $\wh \fB$ consists of symmetric entourages by construction.
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@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item[(FB1)] For any $F \cup G, F' \cup G' \in \fB$, $(F \cup G) \cap (F' \cup G') \supset (F \cap F') \cup (G \cap G') \in \fB$.
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\item[(FB2)] By (F3), $\emptyset \not\in \fF \cup \mathfrak{G}$, so $\emptyset \not\in \fB$.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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Thus $\fB$ is a filter base by \autoref{proposition:filterbasecriterion}, and the filter $\mathfrak{H}$ generated by $\fB$ is contained in $\fF$ and $\mathfrak{G}$. By \autoref{proposition:goodentourages}, for every $U \in \fU$, there exists a $U$-small set $E \in \fF \cap \mathfrak{G} \subset \fB \subset \mathfrak{H}$. So $\mathfrak{H} \subset \fF, \mathfrak{G}$ is a Cauchy filter. By minimality of $\fF$ and $\mathfrak{G}$, $\fF = \mathfrak{G} = \mathfrak{H}$.
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@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
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}
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\]
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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known as the \textbf{Hausdorff uniform space associated with} $(X, \fU)$.
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\end{definition}
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@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@
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Moreover, $\ol{F}(\wh X) = \overline{F(X)}$, and $\ol{F}$ is an embedding.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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In particular, by \autoref{proposition:dense-product}, there is a natural isomorphism
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\[
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@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
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\item[(U1)] For every $U \in \fU$, $U \supset \Delta = \bracs{(x, x)| x \in X}$.
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\item[(U2)] For any $U \in \fU$, $U^{-1} \in \fU$.
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\item[(U3)] For any $U \in \fU$, there exists $V \in \fU$ such that $V \circ V \subset U$.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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The elements of $\fU$ are called the \textbf{entourages} of $\fU$, and the pair $(X, \fU)$ is a \textbf{uniform space}.
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@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
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\item[(FB1)] For each $U, V \in \fB$, there exists $W \in \fB$ such that $W \subset U \cap V$.
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\item[(UB1)] For each $V \in \fB$, $\Delta \subset V$.
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\item[(UB2)] For each $V \in \fB$, there exists $W \in \fB$ such that $W \circ W \subset V$.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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then there exists a unique uniformity $\fU \subset 2^{X \times X}$, which is given by
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\[
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@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ V = (\bracs{x} \times V)(x) = (U \cup (\bracs{x} \times V))(x) = W(x) \in \cn(x)
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item $V \circ M \circ V \in \cn(M)$.
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\item Let $\fB$ be the set of all symmetric entourages, then $\ol{M} = \bigcap_{V \in \fB}V \circ M \circ V$.
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\end\{enumerate\}
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\end{enumerate}
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with respect to the product topology on $X \times X$.
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\end{proposition}
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@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ V = (\bracs{x} \times V)(x) = (U \cup (\bracs{x} \times V))(x) = W(x) \in \cn(x)
|
||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||
\item $\mathfrak{O} = \bracs{U^o| U \in \fU}$
|
||||
\item $\mathfrak{K} = \bracsn{\overline{U}| U \in \fU}$.
|
||||
\end\{enumerate\}
|
||||
\end{enumerate}
|
||||
|
||||
By \autoref{lemma:symmetricfundamentalentourage}, there exists fundamental systems of entourages for $\fU$ consisting of symmetric and open/closed sets.
|
||||
\end{proposition}
|
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@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ V = (\bracs{x} \times V)(x) = (U \cup (\bracs{x} \times V))(x) = W(x) \in \cn(x)
|
||||
\item $X$ is Hausdorff.
|
||||
\item $X$ is regular.
|
||||
\item $\Delta = \bigcap_{U \in \fU}U$.
|
||||
\end\{enumerate\}
|
||||
\end{enumerate}
|
||||
|
||||
If the above holds, then $X$ is \textbf{separated}.
|
||||
\end{definition}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ The axioms of uniform spaces strongly resembles working in a metric space. In fa
|
||||
\item[(PM1)] For any $x \in X$, $d(x, x) = 0$.
|
||||
\item[(PM2)] For any $x, y \in X$, $d(x, y) = d(y, x)$.
|
||||
\item[(PM3)] For any $x, y, z \in X$, $d(x, z) \le d(x, y) + d(y, z)$.
|
||||
\end\{enumerate\}
|
||||
\end{enumerate}
|
||||
|
||||
If $d$ satisfies the above and
|
||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||
\item[(M)] For any $x, y \in X$ with $x \ne y$, $d(x, y) > 0$.
|
||||
\end\{enumerate\}
|
||||
\end{enumerate}
|
||||
|
||||
then $d$ is a \textbf{metric}.
|
||||
\end{definition}
|
||||
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ The axioms of uniform spaces strongly resembles working in a metric space. In fa
|
||||
\item For each $U \subset X$, $U$ is open if and only if for every $x \in U$, there exists $J \subset I$ finite and $r > 0$ such that $\bigcap_{j \in J}B_j(x, r) \subset U$.
|
||||
\item For each $i \in I$, $d_i \in UC(X \times X; [0, \infty))$.
|
||||
\item[(U)] For any other uniformity $\mathfrak{V}$ satisfying (4), $\mathfrak{U} \subset \mathfrak{V}$.
|
||||
\end\{enumerate\}
|
||||
\end{enumerate}
|
||||
|
||||
The uniformity $\fU$ is the \textbf{pseudometric uniformity} induced by $\seqi{d}$, and the topology induced by $\fU$ is the \textbf{pseudometric topology} on $X$ induced by $\seqi{d}$.
|
||||
\end{definition}
|
||||
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ The axioms of uniform spaces strongly resembles working in a metric space. In fa
|
||||
\item[(a)] $U_{0} = X \times X$.
|
||||
\item[(b)] For each $n \in \natz$, $U_n$ is symmetric.
|
||||
\item[(c)] For each $n \in \natz$, $U_{n + 1} \circ U_{n+1} \subset U_n$.
|
||||
\end\{enumerate\}
|
||||
\end{enumerate}
|
||||
|
||||
then there exists a pseudometric $d: X \times X \to [0, 1]$ such that
|
||||
\[
|
||||
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ The axioms of uniform spaces strongly resembles working in a metric space. In fa
|
||||
\]
|
||||
|
||||
As this holds for all such $\seqf{x_j}$ and $\seqf[m]{y_j}$, $d(x, z) \le d(x, y) + d(y, z)$.
|
||||
\end\{enumerate\}
|
||||
\end{enumerate}
|
||||
|
||||
so $d$ is a pseudometric.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ The axioms of uniform spaces strongly resembles working in a metric space. In fa
|
||||
\item[(a)] For each $1 \le k \le n$, $V_k$ is symmetric.
|
||||
\item[(b)] For each $1 \le k \le n$, $V_k \subset U_k$.
|
||||
\item[(c)] For each $1 \le k < n$, $V_{k+1} \circ V_{k+1} \subset V_{k}$.
|
||||
\end\{enumerate\}
|
||||
\end{enumerate}
|
||||
|
||||
Let $W = V_n \cap U_{n+1}$, then by \autoref{lemma:symmetricfundamentalentourage}, there exists $V_{n+1} \in \fU$ symmetric such that $V_{n+1} \circ V_{n+1} \subset W$. Thus $\bracs{V_k|1 \le k \le n + 1} \subset \fU$ satisfies (a), (b), and (c) for $n + 1$.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
|
||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||
\item For every $V \in \mathfrak{V}$, there exists $V' \in \fU$ such that $(f(x), f(y)) \in V$ whenever $(x, y) \in V'$.
|
||||
\item For every $V \in \mathfrak{V}$, $(f \times f)^{-1}(V) \in \fU$.
|
||||
\end\{enumerate\}
|
||||
\end{enumerate}
|
||||
|
||||
If the above holds, then $f$ is a \textbf{uniformly continuous} function.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
|
||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||
\item For each $i \in I$, $f_i \in UC(X; Y_i)$.
|
||||
\item[(U)] If $\mathfrak{V}$ is a uniformity on $X$ satisfying $(1)$, then $\mathfrak{V} \supset \fU$.
|
||||
\end\{enumerate\}
|
||||
\end{enumerate}
|
||||
|
||||
Moreover,
|
||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user