Added the injective tensor product.
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Bokuan Li
2026-08-07 15:50:54 -04:00
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src/fa/lc/beqtensor.tex Normal file
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\section{The Injective Tensor Product}
\label{section:beq-tensor-product}
\begin{lemma}
\label{lemma:tensor-product-dual-injection}
Let $E, F$ be locally convex spaces over $K \in \RC$, then the canonical map
\[
E \otimes F \to L^2(E^*, F^*; K) \quad (x \otimes y)(\phi, \psi) = \dpn{x, \phi}{E}\dpn{y, \psi}{F}
\]
is injective.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}
Let $\lambda = \sum_{j = 1}^n x_j \otimes y_j \in E \otimes F$ such that $\lambda(\phi, \psi) = 0$ for all $\phi \in E^*$ and $\psi \in F^*$. Assume without loss of generality that $\bracsn{x_j}_1^n \subset E$ is a linearly independent set. Fix $\phi \in E^*$, then for every $\psi \in F^*$,
\[
0 = \lambda(\phi, \psi) = \sum_{j = 1}^n \dpn{x_j, \phi}{E} \dpn{y_j, \psi}{F} = \angles{\sum_{j = 1}^n x_j\dpn{y_j, \psi}{F}, \phi}_E
\]
By the \hyperref[Hahn-Banach Theorem]{proposition:hahn-banach-utility}, $\sum_{j = 1}^n x_j\dpn{y_j, \psi}{F} = 0$. Since $\bracs{x_j}_1^n \subset E$ is linearly independent, $\dpn{y_j, \psi}{F} = 0$ for each $1 \le j \le n$.
As the above holds for all $\psi \in F^*$, the \hyperref[Hahn-Banach Theorem]{proposition:hahn-banach-utility} implies that $y_j = 0$ for each $1 \le j \le n$.
\end{proof}
\begin{definition}[Bi-Equicontinuous Convergence]
\label{definition:beq}
Let $E, F$ be locally convex spaces over $K \in \RC$ and
\[
\sigma = \bracsn{S \times T| S \subset E^* \text{ equipcontinuous}, T \subset F^* \text{ equicontinuous}}
\]
be the product of all equicontinuous subsets of $E^*$ and $F^*$, then the $\sigma$-topology on $L^2(E, F; K)$ is the \textbf{topology of bi-equicontinuous convergence} on $L^2(E, F; K)$. Under this topology, $L^2(E, F; K)$ is a locally convex space.
\end{definition}
\begin{proof}
By \autoref{proposition:lc-spaces-linear-map}, the $\sigma$-topology is a vector space topology.
\end{proof}
\begin{definition}[Injective Tensor Product]
\label{definition:beq-tensor-product}
Let $E, F$ be locally convex spaces over $K \in \RC$, and identify $E \otimes F$ as a subspace of $L^2(E, F; K)$, then $E \otimes F$ equipped with the topology of bi-equicontinuous convergence is the \textbf{injective tensor product} of $E$ and $F$, denoted $E \otimes_\eps F$.
The Hausdorff completion $E \wh{\otimes}_\eps F$ of $E \otimes_\eps F$ is the \textbf{injective completion} of $E$ and $F$.
\end{definition}
\begin{definition}[Injective Cross Seminorm]
\label{definition:beq-cross-norm}
Let $E, F$ be locally convex spaces over $K \in \RC$, $S \subset E^*$ and $T \subset F^*$ be equicontinuous, and $\lambda = \sum_{j = 1}^n x_j \otimes y_j \in E \otimes F$, then
\[
[\lambda]_{S, T} = \braks{\sum_{j = 1}^n x_j \otimes y_j}_{S, T} = \sup_{\phi \in S, \psi \in T} \abs{\sum_{j = 1}^n \dpn{x_j, \phi}{E}\dpn{y_j, \psi}{F}}
\]
is the \textbf{injective cross seminorm} of $\lambda$ with respect to $S$ and $T$. The family of all such norms induces the topology on $E \otimes_\eps F$. In particular, if $E, F$ are normed vector spaces, then
\[
\norm{\lambda}_{E \otimes_\eps F} = \norm{\sum_{j = 1}^n x_j \otimes y_j} = \sup_{\substack{\phi \in E^* \\ \norm{\phi}_{E^*} \le 1}}\sup_{\substack{\psi \in E \\ \norm{\psi}_{F^*} \le 1}}\abs{\sum_{j = 1}^n \dpn{x_j, \phi}{E}\dpn{y_j, \psi}{F}}
\]
is \textit{the} \textbf{injective cross norm} on $E \otimes_\eps F$.
\end{definition}

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\input{./hahn-banach.tex}
\input{./spaces-of-linear.tex}
\input{./tensor.tex}
\input{./beqtensor.tex}
\input{./nuclear.tex}
\input{./nuclear-space.tex}

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\end{enumerate}
The space $E \otimes_\pi F$ is the \textbf{projective tensor product} of $E$ and $F$, and the mapping $\iota \in L^2(E, F; E \otimes_\pi F)$ is the \textbf{canonical embedding}.
The space $E \otimes_\pi F$ is the \textbf{projective tensor product} of $E$ and $F$, and the mapping $\iota \in L^2(E, F; E \otimes_\pi F)$ is the canonical embedding.
The space $E \wh{\otimes}_\pi F$ denotes the Hausdorff completion of $E \otimes_\pi F$.
\end{definition}

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\begin{theorem}[{{\cite[III.6.5]{SchaeferWolff}}}]
\label{theorem:l1-tensor}
Let $(X, \cm, \mu)$ be a measure space and $E$ be a Banach space over $K \in \RC$, then the map $L^1(X; K) \td{\otimes}_\mu E \to L^1(X; E)$ defined by extending
Let $(X, \cm, \mu)$ be a measure space and $E$ be a Banach space over $K \in \RC$, then the map $L^1(X; K) \td{\otimes}_\pi E \to L^1(X; E)$ defined by extending
\[
L^1(X; K) \times E \to L^1(X; E) \quad f \otimes x \mapsto x \cdot f
\]