Added uniform structures for completely regular spaces. Added calculus lemma.
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Bokuan Li
2026-05-15 00:39:41 -04:00
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\begin{proposition}
\label{proposition:derivative-sets-real}
Let $E$ be a separated topological vector space and $\sigma \subset \mathfrak{B}(\real)$ be a covering ideal, then
\begin{enumerate}
\item $\mathcal{R}_{\sigma}(\real; E) = \mathcal{R}_{\mathfrak{B}(\real)}(\real; E)$. Hence, all forms of $\sigma$-differentiability on $\real$ are equivalent.
\item For any $U \subset \real$ open, $f: U \to E$, and $x_0 \in U$, $f$ is differentiable at $x_0$ if and only if
\[
\lim_{t \to 0}\frac{f(x + t) - f(x)}{t}
\]
exists. In which case, the above limit is identified with the derivative of $f$ at $0$.
\item For any $U \subset \real$ open, $f: U \to E$, and $x_0 \in U$, if $f$ is differentiable at $x_0$, then $f$ is continuous at $x_0$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{proposition}
\begin{proof}
(1): Let $r \in \mathcal{R}_\sigma(\real; E)$. For any $R > 0$ and $U \in \cn_E(0)$, there exists $\delta > 0$ such that $t^{-1}r(tR), t^{-1}r(-tR) \in U$ for all $t \in (0, \delta)$. Thus $t^{-1}r(tB(0, R)) \subset U$, and $r \in \mathcal{R}_{\mathfrak{B}(\real)}(\real; E)$.
(2): Suppose that $f$ is differentiable at $x_0$, then there exists $r \in \mathcal{R}_\sigma$ such that for any $t \in \real$ with $x_0 + t \in U$,
\begin{align*}
f(x_0 + t) - f(x_0) &= Df(x_0)(t) + r(t) \\
\frac{f(x_0 + t) - f(x_0)}{t} &= Df(x_0)(1) + t^{-1}r(t) \\
\lim_{t \to 0}\frac{f(x_0 + t) - f(x_0)}{t} &= Df(x_0)(1)
\end{align*}
Now suppose that $v = \lim_{t \to 0}\frac{f(x + t) - f(x)}{t}$ exists. Let $T: \real \to E$ be defined by $t \mapsto tv$, then
\[
\lim_{t \to 0}\frac{f(x_0 + t) - f(x_0) - Tt}{t} = \lim_{t \to 0}\frac{f(x_0 + t) - f(x_0)}{t} - v = 0
\]
and $Df(x_0) = T$.
\end{proof}