diff --git a/refs.bib b/refs.bib index 20c3f3e..fa32732 100644 --- a/refs.bib +++ b/refs.bib @@ -74,3 +74,13 @@ year={2014}, publisher={European Mathematical Society} } +@book{Brezis, + title={Functional Analysis, Sobolev Spaces and Partial Differential Equations}, + author={Brezis, H.}, + isbn={9780387709130}, + lccn={2010938382}, + series={Universitext}, + url={https://books.google.ca/books?id=GAA2XqOIIGoC}, + year={2010}, + publisher={Springer New York} +} diff --git a/src/fa/lc/convex.tex b/src/fa/lc/convex.tex index ab01dcc..8fd9f37 100644 --- a/src/fa/lc/convex.tex +++ b/src/fa/lc/convex.tex @@ -64,6 +64,8 @@ + + \begin{definition}[Sublinear Functional] \label{definition:sublinear-functional} Let $E$ be a vector space over $K \in \RC$, then a \textbf{sublinear functional} is a mapping $\rho: E \to \real$ such that: @@ -79,9 +81,9 @@ \label{definition:seminorm} Let $E$ be a vector space over $K \in \RC$, then a \textbf{seminorm} on $E$ is a mapping $\rho: E \to [0, \infty)$ such that: \begin{enumerate} - \item $\rho(0) = 0$. - \item For any $x \in E$ and $\lambda \in K$, $\rho(\lambda x) = \abs{\lambda} \rho(x)$. - \item For any $x, y \in E$, $\rho(x + y) \le \rho(x) + \rho(y)$. + \item[(SN1)] $\rho(0) = 0$. + \item[(SN2)] For any $x \in E$ and $\lambda \in K$, $\rho(\lambda x) = \abs{\lambda} \rho(x)$. + \item[(SN3)] For any $x, y \in E$, $\rho(x + y) \le \rho(x) + \rho(y)$. \end{enumerate} \end{definition} @@ -128,8 +130,8 @@ \end{enumerate} In particular, \begin{enumerate} - \item If $A$ is convex, then $[\cdot]_A$ is a sublinear functional. - \item If $A$ is convex and circled, then $[\cdot]_A$ is a seminorm. + \item[(4)] If $A$ is convex, then $[\cdot]_A$ is a sublinear functional. + \item[(5)] If $A$ is convex and circled, then $[\cdot]_A$ is a seminorm. \end{enumerate} \end{definition} \begin{proof} diff --git a/src/fa/lc/hahn-banach.tex b/src/fa/lc/hahn-banach.tex index 5d8f919..6096c3b 100644 --- a/src/fa/lc/hahn-banach.tex +++ b/src/fa/lc/hahn-banach.tex @@ -64,3 +64,77 @@ \] so $\abs{\Phi} \le \rho$. \end{proof} + +\begin{lemma}[Separation of Point and Convex Set] +\label{lemma:hahn-banach-separation} + Let $E$ be a TVS over $\real$, $A \subset E$ be a non-empty open convex set, and $x \in E \setminus A$, then there exists $\phi \in E^*$ and $\alpha \in \real$ such that $\dpb{x, \phi}{E} = \alpha$ and $A \subset \bracs{\phi < \alpha}$ +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} + By translation, assume without loss of generality that $0 \in A$. In which case, $A \in \cn^o(0)$ is convex. + + Let $[\cdot]_A: E \to [0, \infty)$ be the gauge (\ref{definition:gauge}) of $A$, then $[\cdot]_A$ is a sublinear functional on $E$. For any $y, z \in E$ and $t > 0$ with $y, z \in tA$, + \[ + \abs{[y]_A - [z]_A} \le [y - z]_A \le t + \] + Hence $[\cdot]_A$ is continuous on $E$. + + Let $\phi_0: \real x \to \real$ be defined by $\lambda x \mapsto \lambda$. Since $x \not\in A$, $[x]_A > 1$. Hence $\phi_0|_{Kx} \le [\cdot]_A|_{Kx}$. By the Hahn-Banach Theorem (\ref{theorem:hahn-banach}), there exists $\phi \in \hom(E; \real)$ such that $\phi|_{\real x} = \phi_0$ and $\phi(y) \le [y]_A$ for all $y \in E$. + + For any $y \in A \cap (-A)$, + \[ + \dpb{y, \phi}{E} \le [y]_A \le 1 \quad -\dpb{y, \phi}{E} \le [-y]_A < 1 + \] + so $\phi \in E^*$. + + Finally, let $y \in A$, then $\dpb{y, \phi}{E} \le [y]_A < 1 = \dpb{x, \phi}{E}$. +\end{proof} + +\begin{theorem}[Hahn-Banach, First Geometric Form {{\cite[Theorem 1.6]{Brezis}}}] +\label{theorem:hahn-banach-geometric-1} + Let $E$ be a TVS over $\real$, $A, B \subset E$ be non-empty convex sets, such that $A \cap B = \emptyset$ and $A$ is open, then there exists $\phi \in E^* \setminus \bracs{0}$ and $\alpha \in \real$ with $A \subset \bracs{\phi \le \alpha}$ and $B \subset \bracs{\phi \ge \alpha}$. +\end{theorem} +\begin{proof} + Let $C = A - B$, then $C \subset E$ is an open convex set by \ref{lemma:convex-gymnastics}. Since $A \cap B = \emptyset$, $0 \not\in C$. + + By \ref{lemma:hahn-banach-separation}, there exists $\phi \in E^*$ such that $C \subset \bracs{\phi < 0}$. In which case, for any $a \in A$ and $b \in B$, $\dpb{a - b, \phi}{E} < 0$ implies that $\dpb{a, \phi}{E} < \dpb{b, \phi}{E}$. Let $\alpha \in [\sup_{a \in A}\dpb{a, \phi}{E}, \inf_{b \in B}\dpb{b, \phi}{E}]$, then $A \subset \bracs{\phi \le \alpha}$ and $B \subset \bracs{\phi \ge \alpha}$. +\end{proof} + +\begin{theorem}[Hahn-Banach, Second Geometric Form {{\cite[Theorem 1.7]{Brezis}}}] +\label{theorem:hahn-banach-geometric-2} + Let $E$ be a locally convex space over $\real$, $A, B \subset E$ be non-empty convex sets such that $A \cap B = \emptyset$, $A$ is closed, and $B$ is compact, then there exists $\phi \in E^* \setminus \bracs{0}$, $\alpha \in \real$, and $r > 0$ with $A \subset \bracs{\phi \le \alpha - r}$ and $B \subset \bracs{\phi \ge \alpha + r}$. +\end{theorem} +\begin{proof} + Let $C = A - B$, then $C$ is closed by \ref{proposition:tvs-set-operations} with $0 \not\in C$. Since $E$ is locally convex, there exists $U \in \cn^o(0)$ convex such that $U \cap C \ne \emptyset$. + + By \ref{theorem:hahn-banach-geometric-1}, there exists $\phi \in E^* \setminus \bracs{0}$ and $\alpha \in \real$ such that $U \subset \bracs{f \le \alpha}$ and $C \subset \bracs{f \ge \alpha}$. In which case, for any $u \in U$, $a \in A$, and $b \in B$, + \begin{align*} + \dpb{u, \phi}{E} &\le \dpb{a, \phi}{E} - \dpb{b, \phi}{E} \\ + \dpb{b, \phi}{E} + \dpb{u, \phi}{E} &\le \dpb{a, \phi}{E} + \end{align*} + As $\phi \ne 0$ and $U \in \cn^o(0)$, $r = \sup_{u \in U}\dpb{u, \phi}{E} > 0$. Thus + \[ + \sup_{b \in B}\dpb{b, \phi}{E} + r \le \inf_{a \in A}\dpb{a, \phi}{E} + \] +\end{proof} + + +\begin{proposition}[{{\cite[Theorem 5.8]{Folland}}}] +\label{proposition:hahn-banach-utility} + Let $E$ be a locally convex space over $K \in \RC$, then + \begin{enumerate} + \item For any subspace $M \subset E$, $x \in M \setminus E$, and continuous seminorm $\rho: E \to [0, \infty)$, there exists $\phi \in E^*$ such that + \begin{enumerate} + \item $\phi \le \rho$. + \item $\dpb{x, \phi}{E} = \inf_{y \in M}\rho(x + y)$. + \end{enumerate} + \item For any $x \in E$ and continuous seminorm $\rho: E \to [0, \infty)$, there exists $\phi \in E^*$ with $\phi \le \rho$ and $\dpb{x, \phi}{E} = \rho(x)$. + \item If $E$ is Hausdorff, then for any $x, y \in E$, there exists $\phi \in E^*$ with $\dpb{x, \phi}{E} \ne \dpb{y, \phi}{E}$. + \end{enumerate} +\end{proposition} +\begin{proof} + (1): Let $\rho_M: E \to [0, \infty)$ be the quotient of $\rho$ by $M$, then $\rho_M \le \rho$ is a continuous seminorm on $E$ by \ref{definition:quotient-norm}. Let $\phi_0: Kx \to K$ be defined by $\lambda x \mapsto \lambda \rho_M(x)$. By the Hahn-Banach theorem (\ref{theorem:hahn-banach}), there exists $\phi \in \hom{E; K}$ such that $\dpb{x, \phi}{E} = \rho_M(x)$ and $\phi \le \rho_M \le \rho$. + + (2): By (1) applied to $M = \bracs{0}$. + + (3): By (2) applied to $x - y$. +\end{proof} diff --git a/src/fa/norm/normed.tex b/src/fa/norm/normed.tex index 6b9677a..56e3dfe 100644 --- a/src/fa/norm/normed.tex +++ b/src/fa/norm/normed.tex @@ -1,7 +1,35 @@ -\section{Normed and Banach Spaces} +\section{Norms} \label{section:normed-banach} +\begin{definition}[Norm] +\label{definition:norm} + Let $E$ be a vector space over $K \in \RC$ and $\norm{\cdot}_E: E \to [0, \infty)$, then $\norm{\cdot}_E$ is a \textbf{norm} if: + \begin{enumerate} + \item[(N)] For any $x \in E$, $\norm{x}_E = 0$ if and only if $x = 0$. + \item[(SN2)] For any $x \in E$ and $\lambda \in K$, $\norm{\lambda x}_E = \abs{\lambda} \norm{x}_E$. + \item[(SN3)] For any $x, y \in E$, $\norm{x + y}_E \le \norm{x}_E + \norm{y}_E$. + \end{enumerate} +\end{definition} + +\begin{proposition} +\label{proposition:norm-criterion} + Let $E$ be a separated TVS over $K \in \RC$, then the following are equivalent: + \begin{enumerate} + \item There exists $U \in \cn^o(0)$ bounded and convex. + \item There exists a norm $\norm{\cdot}_E: E \to [0, \infty)$ that induces the topology on $E$. + \end{enumerate} +\end{proposition} +\begin{proof} + (1) $\Rightarrow$ (2): Using \ref{proposition:tvs-good-neighbourhood-base}, assume without loss of generality that $U$ is also circled. Let $V \in \cn^o(0)$, then there exists $\lambda \in K$ such that $\lambda V \supset U$ and $\abs{\lambda}^{-1}U \subset V$. + + Let $\norm{\cdot}_E: E \to [0, \infty)$ be the gauge (\ref{definition:gauge}) of $U$. For each $r > 0$, let $B_E(0, r) = \bracs{x \in E|\norm{x}_E < r}$, then + \[ + \bracs{\lambda U|\lambda > 0} = \bracs{B_E(0, r)|r > 0} + \] + is a fundamental system of neighbourhoods at $0$ for $E$. Therefore $\norm{\cdot}_E$ induces the topology on $E$. +\end{proof} + \begin{theorem}[Successive Approximation] \label{theorem:successive-approximation} Let $E, F$ be normed spaces, $T \in L(E; F)$, $C \ge 0$, and $\gamma \in (0, 1)$. If for all $y \in F$, there exists $x \in E$ such that: