diff --git a/src/dg/complex/zero.tex b/src/dg/complex/zero.tex index b63c821..3174884 100644 --- a/src/dg/complex/zero.tex +++ b/src/dg/complex/zero.tex @@ -94,3 +94,39 @@ so $Df = 0$ and $f$ is constant. \end{proof} + + +\begin{lemma}[Hadamard's Three Lines Lemma] +\label{lemma:three-lines} + Let $S = \bracs{z \in \complex| \text{Re}(z) \in [0, 1]}$, $E$ be a Banach space over $\complex$, and $f \in H(S; E) \cap BC(\ol{S}; E)$. For each $s \in [0, 1]$, let + \[ + M(\theta) = \sup_{t \in \real}\norm{f(s + it)}_E + \] + + then for each $s \in [0, 1]$, $M(s) \le M(0)^s M(1)^{1-s}$. +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} + Assume without loss of generality that $M(0), M(1) > 0$. Let + \[ + g: \complex \to \complex \quad z \mapsto M(0)^z M(1)^{1 - z} + \] + + then $g$ is a non-vanishing entire function, and for each $z \in \complex$, + \[ + |g(z)| = M(0)^{\text{Re}(z)} M(1)^{\text{Re}(1 - z)} + \] + + so $|g|^{-1}$ is bounded on $\ol S$ by \autoref{proposition:compact-extensions}. Let + \[ + h: \ol S \to E \quad z \mapsto \frac{f(z)}{g(z)} + \] + + then $h \in H(S; E) \cap BC(\ol S; E)$ with $\norm{h(z)}_E \le 1$ for all $z \in \partial S$. By the \hyperref[Maximum Modulus Theorem]{theorem:maximum-modulus-theorem}, $\norm{h(z)}_E \le 1$ for all $z \in S$. Thus for every $z \in S$, + \[ + f(z) \le M(0)^{\text{Re}(z)} M(1)^{1-\text{Re}(z)} + \] + + Therefore $M(s) \le M(0)^s M(1)^{1-s}$ for every $s \in [0, 1]$. +\end{proof} + +