diff --git a/src/fa/lp/seq.tex b/src/fa/lp/seq.tex index f238eaf..9a3137f 100644 --- a/src/fa/lp/seq.tex +++ b/src/fa/lp/seq.tex @@ -1,6 +1,22 @@ -\section{$l^p$ Direct Sums} +\section{Sequence Spaces} \label{section:lp-direct-sum} +\begin{definition}[$c_0$-Direct Sum] +\label{definition:c0-direct-sum} + Let $\seqi{X}$ be normed vector spaces over $K \in \RC$. For any $x \in \prod_{i \in I}X_i$, $x$ \textbf{vanishes at infinity} if for each $\eps > 0$, $\bracs{i \in I| \norm{x_i}_{X_i} \ge \eps}$ is finite. The space + \[ + [c_0(I); X_i] = \bracs{x \in \prod_{i \in I}X_i \bigg | x \text{ vanishes at infinity}} + \] + + equipped with the uniform norm + \[ + \norm{x}_{[c_0(I); X_i]} = \sup_{i \in I}\norm{x_i}_{X_i} + \] + + is the \textbf{$c_0$-direct sum} of $\seqi{X}$. +\end{definition} + + \begin{definition}[$l^p$-Direct Sum] \label{definition:lp-direct-sum} Let $\seqi{X}$ be normed vector spaces over $K \in \RC$ and $p \in [1, \infty)$, then the \textbf{$l^p$-direct sum} of $\seqi{X}$ is the space @@ -63,6 +79,42 @@ \] \end{proof} + +\begin{theorem} +\label{theorem:c0-sum-dual} + Let $\seqi{X}$ be normed vector spaces over $K \in \RC$. For each $y \in [l^1(I); X_i^*]$, let + \[ + \phi_y: [c_0(I); X_i] \to K \quad x \mapsto \sum_{i \in I}\dpn{x_i, y_i}{X_i} + \] + + then the mapping + \[ + [l^1(I); X_i^*] \to [c_0(I); X_i]^* \quad y \mapsto \phi_y + \] + + is an isometric isomorphism. +\end{theorem} +\begin{proof} + By \hyperref[Hölder's Inequality]{proposition:lp-direct-sum-gymnastics}, for each $y \in [l^1(I); X_i^*]$, $\norm{\phi_y}_{[c_0(I); X_i]^*} \le \norm{y}_{[l^1(I); X_i]}$. + + Let $\phi \in [c_0(I); X_i]^*$, then there exists $y \in [l^\infty(I); X_i^*]$ such that for each $i \in I$ and $x \in X_i$, $\dpn{x_i \cdot \one_{\bracs{i}}, \phi}{[l^p(I); X_i]} = \dpn{x_i, y_i}{X_i}$. + + Let $J \subset I$ be finite and $\alpha \in (0, 1)$, then there exists $x \in [c_0(I); X_i]$ such that + \begin{enumerate} + \item $\{i \in I|x_i \ne 0\} \subset J$. + \item $\norm{x}_{[c_0(I); X_i]} \le 1$. + \item For each $j \in J$, $\dpn{x_j, y_j}{X_j} \ge \alpha\norm{y_j}_{X_j^*}$. + \end{enumerate} + + Thus + \[ + \alpha\sum_{j \in J}\norm{y_j}_{X_j^*} \le \sum_{j \in J}\dpn{x_j, y_j}{X_j} = \dpn{x, y}_{[c_0(I); X_i]} \le \norm{\phi}_{[c_0(I); X_i]^*} + \] + + As the above holds for all $\alpha \in (0, 1)$ and $J \subset I$ finite, $y \in [l^1(I); X_i]$ with $\norm{y}_{[l^1(I); X_i^*]} \le \norm{\phi_y}_{[c_0(I); X_i]^*}$. By the \hyperref[Dominated Convergence Theorem]{theorem:dct}, $\dpn{x, \phi_y}{[c_0(I); X_i]} = \dpn{x, \phi}{[c_0(I); X_i]}$ for all $x \in [c_0(I); X_i]$. Hence the map is an isometric isomorphism. +\end{proof} + + \begin{theorem} \label{theorem:lp-sum-dual} Let $\seqi{X}$ be normed vector spaces over $K \in \RC$ and $p \in [1, \infty)$ and $q \in (1, \infty]$ be Hölder conjugates. For each $y \in [l^q(I); X_i^*]$, let