diff --git a/src/op/banach/igroup.tex b/src/op/banach/igroup.tex index d28ad16..b308743 100644 --- a/src/op/banach/igroup.tex +++ b/src/op/banach/igroup.tex @@ -26,10 +26,15 @@ \sigma_A(x) \subset \complex \setminus e^{i\theta}[0, \infty) \] - then $x \in G_0(A)$. + \begin{enumerate} + \item There exists $y \in A$ such that $x = \exp(y)$. + \item $x \in G_0(A)$. + \end{enumerate} \end{proposition} \begin{proof} - Since there exists a branch of the logarithm $\ell: \complex \setminus e^{i\theta}[0, \infty) \to \complex$, there exists $y \in A$ such that $x = \exp(y)$. In which case, $x \in G_0(A)$ by \autoref{proposition:functional-calculus-exp}. + (1): Since there exists a branch of the logarithm $\ell: \complex \setminus e^{i\theta}[0, \infty) \to \complex$, there exists $y \in A$ such that $x = \exp(y)$. + + (2): \autoref{proposition:functional-calculus-exp}. \end{proof} diff --git a/src/op/example/bounded.tex b/src/op/example/bounded.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9a840b0 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/op/example/bounded.tex @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +\section{$B(H)$} +\label{section:hilbert-endomorphism} + +\begin{definition}[$B(H)$] +\label{definition:hilbert-endomorphism} + Let $H$ be a Hilbert space, then $B(H) = L(H; H)$ is the algebra of all bounded linear operators on $H$. +\end{definition} + + +% 1. Every non-trivial ideal of B(H) contains the finite-rank operators. +% 2. If H is separable, then the only non-trivial closed idela of B(H) are the compact operators. diff --git a/src/op/example/disk.tex b/src/op/example/disk.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ffbfbf5 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/op/example/disk.tex @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +\section{The Disk Algebra} +\label{section:disk-algebra} + +\begin{definition}[Disk Algebra] +\label{definition:disk-algebra} + Let $D = B_\complex(0, 1)$, then the \textbf{disk algebra} $A(D) = H(D; \complex) \cap C(\ol D; \complex)$ is the space of holomorphic functions on $D$ that extend to $\ol D$, equipped with the uniform norm. +\end{definition} + +\begin{proposition} +\label{proposition:disk-algebra-spectrum} + Let $f \in A(D)$, then $\sigma(f) = f(\ol D)$. +\end{proposition} + +\begin{proposition} +\label{proposition:disk-algebra-multiplicative-functional} + Let $\phi \in A(D)^*$ be a multiplicative linear functional, then there exists $z_0 \in \ol D$ such that for every $f \in A(D)$, $\phi(f) = f(z_0)$. +\end{proposition} +\begin{proof} + By \autoref{proposition:multiplicative-unit}, $\norm{\phi}_{A(D)^*} = 1$. Let $p$ be the identity polynomial, and $z_0 = \phi(p)$, then for every $q \in \complex[x]$, $\phi(q) = q(x_0)$. By density of polynomials in $A(D)$, $\phi(f) = f(z_0)$ for all $f \in A(D)$. +\end{proof} + + diff --git a/src/op/example/hardy.tex b/src/op/example/hardy.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e39c1b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/op/example/hardy.tex @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +\section{The Hardy Space} +\label{section:hardy-space} + +\begin{definition}[Hardy Space] +\label{definition:hardy-space} + Let $D = B_\complex(0, 1)$, then the \textbf{Hardy space} $H^\infty(D)$ is the space of all bounded holomorphic functions on $D$, equipped with the uniform norm. +\end{definition} + +\begin{proposition} +\label{proposition:hardy-spectrum} + Let $f \in H^\infty(D)$, then $\sigma(f) = \ol{f(D)}$. +\end{proposition} + +\begin{proposition} +\label{proposition:hardy-non-trivial-functional} + Let $\fU \subset 2^{B_\complex(0, 1)}$ be an ultrafilter and + \[ + \phi_{\fU}: H^\infty(D) \to \complex \quad f \mapsto \lim_{x, \fU} f(x) + \] + + then: + \begin{enumerate} + \item If $\fU \to x_0 \in \ol{D}$, then $f \in A(D)$, $\phi_{\fU}(f) = f(z_0)$. + \item $\phi_{\fU}$ is a multiplicative linear functional on $H^\infty(D)$. + \end{enumerate} + +\end{proposition} +\begin{proof} + Let $f \in H^\infty(D)$, then by \autoref{proposition:imagefilterbase}, $f(\fU)$ is an ultrafilter base. Since $f$ is bounded, $f(\fU)$ converges to exactly one element of $\complex$. Hence the limit is well-defined. + + (2): By \autoref{proposition:operator-space-completeness}. +\end{proof} + + + diff --git a/src/op/example/index.tex b/src/op/example/index.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4077be3 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/op/example/index.tex @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +\chapter{Examples of Operator Algebras} +\label{chap:op-examples} + +\input{./matrix.tex} +\input{./bounded.tex} +\input{./hardy.tex} +\input{./disk.tex} + diff --git a/src/op/example/matrix.tex b/src/op/example/matrix.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a485969 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/op/example/matrix.tex @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +\section{The Matrix Algebra} +\label{section:matrix-algebra} + +\begin{definition}[Matrix Algebra] +\label{definition:matrix-algebra} + Let $n \in \natp$ and $M_n(\complex)$ be the set of all $n \times n$ matrices with entries in $\complex$, then $M_n(\complex)$ equipped with the operator norm is the \textbf{matrix algebra} over $\complex$. +\end{definition} + +\begin{proposition} +\label{proposition:matrix-algebra-spectrum} + Let $n \in \natp$ and $x \in M_n(\complex)$, then $\sigma(x)$ is the set of eigenvalues of $x$. +\end{proposition} +\begin{proof} + By the rank-nullity theorem, $\lambda - x$ is invertible if and only if $\lambda$ is not an eigenvalue of $x$. +\end{proof} + +\begin{proposition} +\label{proposition:matrix-algebra-index} + Let $n \in \natp$, then + \begin{enumerate} + \item For each $x \in G(M_n(\complex))$, there exists $y \in M_n(\complex)$ such that $x = \exp(y)$. + \item $G(M_n(\complex)) = G_0(M_n(\complex))$. + \item $I(M_n(\complex))$ is trivial. + \end{enumerate} +\end{proposition} +\begin{proof} + (1), (2): By \autoref{proposition:matrix-algebra-spectrum}, $\sigma(x)$ is finite. By \autoref{proposition:log-identity-component}, there exists $y \in M_n(\complex)$ such that $x = \exp(y)$. In which case, $x \in G_0(M_n(\complex))$. +\end{proof} + +\begin{proposition} +\label{proposition:matrix-algebra-ideals} + Let $n \in \natp$, then + \begin{enumerate} + \item $M_n(\complex)$ admits no nontrivial two-sided ideals. + \item $M_n(\complex)$ admits no multiplicative functionals. + \end{enumerate} + +\end{proposition} +\begin{proof} + Let $x = (x_{ij}) \in M_n(\complex) \setminus \bracs{0}$, then there exists $1 \le i, j \le n$ such that $x_{ij} \ne 0$. In which case, for any $1 \le k, l \le n$ and $\lambda \in \complex$, there exists $y_k, z_l \in M_n(\complex)$ such that $y_kxz_l$ is the matrix with $\lambda$ on its $(k, l)$ entry and $0$ everywhere else. Therefore every non-trivial two-sided ideal of $M_n(\complex)$ is $M_n(\complex)$. +\end{proof} + + + diff --git a/src/op/index.tex b/src/op/index.tex index 6874a17..c7ed7e6 100644 --- a/src/op/index.tex +++ b/src/op/index.tex @@ -2,4 +2,5 @@ \label{part:operator-algebras} \input{./banach/index.tex} +\input{./example/index.tex} \input{./notation.tex} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/src/op/notation.tex b/src/op/notation.tex index 0749488..6db3ce1 100644 --- a/src/op/notation.tex +++ b/src/op/notation.tex @@ -12,5 +12,9 @@ $R_x(\lambda)$ & The resolvent of $x$. & \autoref{definition:resolvent} \\ $[x]_{sp}$ & The spectral radius of $x$. & \autoref{definition:spectral-radius} \\ $\Omega(A)$ & Space of multiplicative functionals on $A$. & \autoref{definition:multiplicative-functional} \\ - $\cm(A)$ & Maximal ideal space of $A$. & \autoref{definition:maximal-ideal} + $\cm(A)$ & Maximal ideal space of $A$. & \autoref{definition:maximal-ideal} \\ + $M_n(\complex)$ & Algebra of $n \times n$ matrices over $\complex$. & \autoref{definition:matrix-algebra} \\ + $B(H)$ & Algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space. & \autoref{definition:hilbert-endomorphism} \\ + $A(D)$ & The disk algebra. & \autoref{definition:disk-algebra} \\ + $H^\infty(D)$ & The Hardy space. & \autoref{definition:hardy-space} \\ \end{tabular} \ No newline at end of file