diff --git a/src/fa/lc/convex.tex b/src/fa/lc/convex.tex index e3bb4ad..ab01dcc 100644 --- a/src/fa/lc/convex.tex +++ b/src/fa/lc/convex.tex @@ -7,6 +7,63 @@ Let $E$ be a vector space over $K \in \RC$, then $A \subset E$ is \textbf{convex} if for any $x, y \in A$, $\bracs{\lambda x + (1 - \lambda) y| \lambda \in [0, 1]} \subset A$. \end{definition} +\begin{lemma}[{{\cite[II.1.1]{SchaeferWolff}}}] +\label{lemma:convex-interior} + Let $E$ be a TVS over $K \in \RC$, $A \subset E$ be convex, $x \in A^o$, and $y \in \ol{A}$, then + \[ + \bracs{tx + (1 - t)y|t \in (0, 1)} \subset A^o + \] +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} + Fix $t \in (0, 1)$. Using translation, assume without loss of generality that $tx + (1 - t)y = 0$. In which case, $x = \alpha y$ where $\alpha = (1 - t)/t$. By (TVS2), $\alpha A^o \in \cn^o(y)$. Since $y \in \ol{A}$, $\alpha A^o \cap A \ne \emptyset$, so there exists $z \in A^o$ such that $\alpha z \in A$. + + Let $\mu = \alpha/(\alpha - 1)$, then since $\alpha < 0$, $\mu \in (0, 1)$ and + \[ + \mu z + (1 - \mu)\alpha z = \frac{\alpha z}{\alpha - 1} + \frac{(\alpha - 1 - \alpha)\alpha z}{\alpha - 1} = 0 + \] + By (TVS1) and (TVS2), + \[ + U = \underbrace{\bracs{\mu w + (1 - \mu)\alpha z|w \in A^o}}_{\subset A} \in \cn^o(0) + \] + so $0 \in A^o$. +\end{proof} + +\begin{lemma} +\label{lemma:convex-gymnastics} + Let $E$ be a TVS over $K \in \RC$, $A, B \subset E$ be convex, then the following sets are convex: + \begin{enumerate} + \item $A^o$. + \item $\ol{A}$. + \item $A + B$. + \item For any $\lambda \in K$, $\lambda A$. + \end{enumerate} +\end{lemma} +\begin{proof} + (1): By \ref{lemma:convex-interior}. + + (2): Let $x, y \in \ol{A}$. By \ref{definition:closure}, there exists filters $\fF, \mathfrak{G} \subset 2^A$ such that $\fF$ converges to $x$ and $\mathfrak{G}$ converges to $y$. In which case, + \[ + \fU = \bracs{tE + (1 - t)F|t \in [0, 1], E \in \fF, F \in \mathfrak{G}} \subset 2^A + \] + converges to $tx + (1 - t)y$ by (TVS1) and (TVS2). Hence $tx + (1 - t)y \in \ol{A}$. +\end{proof} + +\begin{proposition}[{{\cite[II.1.3]{SchaeferWolff}}}] +\label{proposition:convex-interior-closure} + Let $E$ be a TVS over $K \in \RC$ and $A \subset E$ be convex. If $A^o \ne \emptyset$, then $\ol{A} = \ol{A^o}$. +\end{proposition} +\begin{proof} + Since $A^o \subset A$, $\ol{A^o} \subset \ol{A}$. Let $x \in A^o$, then for any $y \in \ol{A}$, + \[ + y \in \ol{\bracs{tx + (1 - t)y|t \in (0, 1)}} \subset \ol{A^o} + \] + by \ref{lemma:convex-interior}. +\end{proof} + + + + + \begin{definition}[Sublinear Functional] \label{definition:sublinear-functional} Let $E$ be a vector space over $K \in \RC$, then a \textbf{sublinear functional} is a mapping $\rho: E \to \real$ such that: