diff --git a/src/fa/lc/nuclear-space.tex b/src/fa/lc/nuclear-space.tex index 6db0791..732492d 100644 --- a/src/fa/lc/nuclear-space.tex +++ b/src/fa/lc/nuclear-space.tex @@ -86,4 +86,56 @@ Let $E$ be a complete nuclear space over $K \in \RC$, then $E$ is a projective limit of Hilbert spaces over $K$. For any Fréchet space $F$, $F$ is nuclear if and only if it is the projective limit of a sequence $\seq{H_n}$ of Hilbert spaces such that the mapping $H_m \to H_n$ is nuclear for all $1 \le m < n < \infty$. \end{corollary} +\begin{proposition} +\label{proposition:nuclear-subspace} + Let $E$ be a nuclear space over $K \in \RC$ and $F \subset E$ be a subspace, then $F$ is also nuclear. +\end{proposition} +\begin{proof} + Firstly, a setup about auxiliary spaces and subspaces is required. Let $U \in \cn_E(0)$ be convex and circled, then the composition of the inclusion map $\iota: F \to E$ and the canonical projection $\pi_U: E \to E_U$ factors through $F_{U \cap F}$ as follows: + \[ + \xymatrix{ + E \ar@{->}[r]^{\pi_U} & E_U \\ + F \ar@{->}[u]^{\iota} \ar@{->}[r]_{\pi_{U \cap F}} & F_{U \cap F} \ar@{->}[u]_{\widehat \pi_U} + } + \] + + where $\widehat \pi_U$ is an isometric embedding. As a result, the factored map $\widehat \pi_U: F_{U \cap F} \to E_U$ extends to an isometric embedding on the completions: + \[ + \xymatrix{ + E \ar@{->}[r]^{\pi_U} & E_U \ar@{->}[r] & \widehat E_{U} \\ + F \ar@{->}[u]^{\iota} \ar@{->}[r]_{\pi_{U \cap F}} & F_{U \cap F} \ar@{->}[u]_{\widehat \pi_U} \ar@{->}[r] & \widehat F_{U \cap F} \ar@{->}[u]_{\widehat \pi_U} + } + \] + + which enables identifying $\widehat F_{U \cap F}$ as a closed subspace of $\widehat E_{U}$. + + To start the proof, let $U \in \cn_E(0)$ be a given convex and circled neighbourhood. Since $E$ is nuclear, there exists a convex and circled neighbourhood $V \in \cn_E(0)$ such that the induced map $\widehat \pi_U: \widehat E_V \to \widehat E_U$ is nuclear. By prior discussion, the following diagram commutes: + \[ + \xymatrix{ + E \ar@{->}[r]^{\pi_V} & \widehat E_V \ar@{->}[r]^{\widehat \pi_{U}} & \widehat E_U \\ + F \ar@{->}[u] \ar@{->}[r] & \widehat F_{V \cap F} \ar@{->}[u] \ar@{->}[r]_{\widehat \pi_{U \cap F}} & \widehat F_{U \cap F} \ar@{->}[u] + } + \] + + Thus the induced map $\widehat \pi_{U \cap F}: \widehat F_{V \cap F} \to \widehat F_{U \cap F}$ corresponds to the restriction of $\widehat \pi_U$ to $\widehat F_{V \cap F}$. Since $\widehat \pi_U$ is nuclear, there exists $\seq{\phi_n} \subset E_V^*$ and $\seq{y_n} \subset \widehat E_U$ such that + \[ + \widehat \pi_U x = \sum_{n = 1}^\infty y_n\dpn{x, \phi_n}{\widehat E_V} \quad \forall x \in \widehat E_V + \] + + and $\sum_{n \in \natp} \norm{y_n}_{\widehat E_U}\norm{\phi_n}_{E_V^*} < \infty$. + + Now, using \autoref{theorem:nuclear-lp}, further assume without loss of generality that $\widehat E_{U}$ is a Hilbert space. Let $P: \widehat E_{U} \to \widehat F_{U \cap F}$ be the orthogonal projection of $\widehat E_U$ onto $\widehat F_{U \cap F}$, then + \[ + \widehat \pi_{U \cap F}x = \sum_{n = 1}^\infty Py_n \dpn{x, \phi_n}{\widehat F_{V \cap F}} \quad \forall x \in \widehat F_{V \cap F} + \] + + with + \[ + \normn{\widehat \pi_{U \cap F}}_{N(\widehat F_{V \cap F}; \widehat F_{U \cap F})} + \le \sum_{n \in \natp} \norm{Py_n}_{\widehat F_{U \cap F}} \norm{\phi_n}_{F_{V \cap F}^*} \le \sum_{n \in \natp} \norm{y_n}_{\widehat E_U}\norm{\phi_n}_{E_V^*} < \infty + \] + + Therefore the induced map $\widehat \pi_{U \cap F}$ is nuclear, and $F$ is a nuclear space. +\end{proof} +