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Bokuan Li
2026-05-05 01:50:35 -04:00
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commit 0f2e69d1f9
81 changed files with 441 additions and 185 deletions

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@@ -36,7 +36,8 @@
\item $\mathfrak{E}(\sigma, \fU)$ generates a uniformity $\fV$ on $X^T$.
\item The topology induced by $\fV$ is finer than the $\sigma$-open topology on $T^X$.
\item If $\mathfrak{E}(\sigma, \fU)$ forms a fundamental system of entourages for $\fV$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
The uniformity $\fV$ is the \textbf{$\sigma$-uniformity}, and the topology induced by $\fV$ is the \textbf{topology of uniform convergence on the sets $\sigma$}/\textbf{$\sigma$-uniform topology} on $X^T$.
\end{definition}
\begin{proof}
@@ -57,7 +58,8 @@
E(S, V) \circ E(S, V) \subset E(S, V \circ V) \subset E(S, U)
\]
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
By \autoref{proposition:fundamental-entourage-criterion}, $\mathfrak{E}$ is a fundamental system of entourages for the uniformity that it generates.
\end{proof}
@@ -111,7 +113,8 @@
\item The product topology on $X^T$.
\item The $\sigma$-open topology, where $\sigma$ is the collection of all finite sets.
\item (If $X$ is a uniform space) The $\mathfrak{F}$-uniform topology, where $\fF = \bracs{F| F \subset X \text{ finite}}$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
This topology is the \textbf{topology of pointwise convergence} on $X^T$.
\end{definition}
\begin{proof}

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@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@
\begin{enumerate}
\item $C(X; Y) \subset Y^X$ is closed with respect to the uniform topology.
\item If $X$ is a uniform space, then $UC(X; Y) \subset Y^X$ is closed with respect to the uniform topology.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
In particular, if $Y$ is complete, then the above spaces are complete.
\end{proposition}
\begin{proof}
@@ -49,3 +50,12 @@
If $Y$ is complete, then $Y^T$ with the uniform topology is complete by \autoref{proposition:set-uniform-complete}. Thus $C(T; X)$ and $UC(T; X)$ are both complete subspaces by \autoref{proposition:complete-closed}.
\end{proof}
\begin{corollary}
\label{corollary:uniform-limit-continuous-generated}
Let $X$ be a topological space, $\sigma \subset 2^X$ be an ideal such that $X$ is $\sigma$-generated, and $Y$ be a uniform space, then $C(X; Y) \subset Y^X$ is closed with respect to the $\sigma$-uniformity.
\end{corollary}
\begin{proof}
Let $f \in \overline{C(X; Y)} \subset Y^X$ with respect to the $\sigma$-uniformity. By \autoref{proposition:uniform-limit-continuous}, $f \in C(S; Y)$ for all $S \in \sigma$, so $f \in C(X; Y)$ by (3) of \autoref{definition:final-topology}.
\end{proof}

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@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@
\item For any $\seq{A_n} \subset 2^X$ nowhere dense, $\bigcup_{n \in \nat^+}A_n \subsetneq X$.
\item For any $\seq{A_n} \subset 2^X$ closed with empty interior, $\bigcup_{n \in \nat^+}A_n$ has empty interior.
\item For any $\seq{U_n} \subset 2^X$ open and dense, $\bigcap_{n \in \nat^+}U_n$ is dense.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
If the above holds, then $X$ is a \textbf{Baire space}.
\end{definition}
\begin{proof}
@@ -28,7 +29,8 @@
\begin{enumerate}
\item[(a)] For all $n > 1$, $\ol V_n \subset U_n \cap V_{n - 1} \subset U$.
\item[(b)] $\bigcap_{j \in \natp} \ol V_j$ is non-empty.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
then $X$ is a Baire space.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}

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@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@
\item For every family $\seqi{E}$ of closed sets with $\bigcap_{j \in J}E_j \ne \emptyset$ for all $J \subset I$ finite, $\bigcap_{i \in I}E_i \ne \emptyset$.
\item Every filter in $X$ has a cluster point.
\item Every ultrafilter in $X$ converges.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
If the above holds, then $X$ is \textbf{compact}.
\end{definition}
\begin{proof}
@@ -89,7 +90,8 @@
\begin{enumerate}
\item For any $x \in X$ and $U \in \cn_{X \times Y}^o(\bracs{x} \times Y)$, there exists $V \in \cn_X(x)$ such that $V \times Y \subset U$.
\item For any $A \subset X$ and $U \in \cn_{X \times Y}^o(A \times Y)$, there exists $V \in \cn_X(A)$ such that $V \times Y \subset U$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}

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@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@
\item For any $\emptyset \ne U, V \subset X$ open with $U \cup V = X$, $U \cap V \ne \emptyset$.
\item There exists no surjective $f \in C(X; \bracs{0, 1})$.
\item For any $U \subset X$ open and closed, either $U = \emptyset$ or $U = X$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
If the above holds, then $X$ is \textbf{connected}.
\end{definition}
\begin{proof}

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@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@
\begin{enumerate}
\item For each $V \in \cn(f(x))$, $f^{-1}(V) \in \cn(x)$.
\item For each filter base $\fB \subset 2^X$ converging to $x$, $f(\fB)$ converges to $f(x)$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
If the above holds, then $f$ is \textbf{continuous at} $x \in X$.
The following are also equivalent:
@@ -16,7 +17,8 @@
\item For each $U \subset Y$ open, $f^{-1}(U)$ is open in $X$.
\item $f$ is continuous at every $x \in X$.
\item For each convergent filter base $\fB \subset 2^X$, $f(\fB)$ is convergent.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
If the above holds, then $f$ is \textbf{continuous}.
The collection $C(X; Y)$ is the space of all continuous functions from $X$ to $Y$.
@@ -39,7 +41,8 @@
\begin{enumerate}
\item[(a)] $\bigcup_{i \in I}U_i = X$.
\item[(b)] For each $i, j \in I$, either $U_i \cap U_j = \emptyset$, or $f_i|_{U_i \cap U_j} = f_j|_{U_i \cap U_j}$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
then there exists a unique $f \in C(X; Y)$ such that $f|_{U_i} = f_i$ for all $i \in I$.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}

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@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
\item[(O2)] For any $U, V \in \topo$, $U \cap V \in \topo$.
\item[(O3)] For any $\seqi{U} \subset \topo$, $\bigcup_{i \in I}U_i \in \topo$.
\end{enumerate}
The elements of $\topo$ are known as \textbf{open sets}, and the pair $(X, \topo)$ is known as a \textbf{topological space}.
\end{definition}
@@ -47,6 +48,7 @@
\item For every $x \in X$, there exists $U \in \cb$ such that $x \in U$.
\item For every $x \in X$ and $U \subset X$ open with $x \in U$, there exists $V \in \cb$ such that $x \in V \subset U$.
\end{enumerate}
In which case,
\[
\topo = \topo(\cb) = \bracs{\bigcup_{i \in I}U_i \bigg | \seqi{U} \subset \cb, I \text{ index set}}
@@ -58,6 +60,7 @@
\item[(TB1)] For every $x \in X$, there exists $U \in \cb$ such that $x \in U$.
\item[(TB2)] For every $x \in X$ and $U, V \in \cb$ such that $x \in U \cap V$, there exists $W \in \cb$ such that $x \in W \subset U \cap V$.
\end{enumerate}
then $\topo(\cb)$ is a topology on $X$, and $\cb$ is a base for $\topo(\cb)$.
\end{definition}
\begin{proof}
@@ -94,10 +97,10 @@
\begin{definition}[Initial Topology]
\label{definition:initial-topology}
Let $X$ be a set, $\bracsn{(Y_j, \topo_i)}$ be a family of topological spaces, and $\seqi{f}$ be a family of maps such that $f_i: X \to Y_i$ for each $i \in I$, then there exists a topology $\topo$ on $X$ such that:
Let $X$ be a set, $\bracsn{(Y_i, \topo_i)}_{i \in I}$ be a family of topological spaces, and $\seqi{f}$ be a family of maps such that $f_i: X \to Y_i$ for each $i \in I$, then there exists a topology $\topo$ on $X$ such that:
\begin{enumerate}
\item For each $i \in I$, $f_i \in C(X; Y_i)$.
\item[(U)] If $\mathcal{S}$ is a topology on $X$ satisfying $(1)$, then $\mathcal{S} \supset \topo$.
\item[(U)] If $\mathcal{S}$ is a topology on $X$ satisfying (1), then $\mathcal{S} \supset \topo$.
\item The family
\[
@@ -107,13 +110,49 @@
is a base for $\topo$.
\end{enumerate}
The topology $\topo$ is known a the \textbf{initial/weak topology} generated by the maps $\seqi{f}$.
The topology $\topo$ is the \textbf{initial/weak topology} generated by the maps $\seqi{f}$.
\end{definition}
\begin{proof}
Let $\topo$ be the topology genereated by sets of the form $\ce = \bracs{f_i^{-1}(U_i)| i \in I, U_i \in \topo_i}$. Let $\topo$ be the topology generated by $\ce$, then
Let $\topo$ be the topology genereated by sets of the form $\ce = \bracs{f_i^{-1}(U_i)| i \in I, U_i \in \topo_i}$, then
\begin{enumerate}
\item For each $i \in I$, $\topo \supset \bracs{f_i^{-1}(U)|U \in \topo_i}$, so $f_i \in C(\topo; Y_i)$.
\item If $\mathcal{S}$ is a topology such that $f_i \in C(X, \mathcal{S}; Y_i)$, then $\bracs{f_i^{-1}(U)|U \in \topo_i} \subset \mathcal{S}$. Thus $\ce \subset \mathcal{S}$ and $\mathcal{S} \supset \topo$.
\item By \autoref{definition:generated-topology}, $\cb$ is a base for $\topo$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{proof}
\begin{definition}[Final Topology]
\label{definition:final-topology}
Let $X$ be a set, $\bracsn{(Y_i, \topo_i)}_{i \in I}$ be a family of topological spaces, and $\seqi{f}$ be a family of maps such that $f_i: Y_i \to X$ for each $i \in I$, then there exists a topology $\topo$ on $X$ such that:
\begin{enumerate}
\item For each $i \in I$, $f_i \in C(Y_i; X)$.
\item[(U)] If $\mathcal{S}$ is a topology on $X$ satisfying (1), then $\mathcal{S} \subset \topo$.
\item For any topological space $Z$ and $F: X \to Z$, $F \in C(X; Z)$ if and only if $F \circ f_i \in C(Y_i; X)$ for all $i \in I$.
\end{enumerate}
The topology $\topo$ is the \textbf{final topology} generated by the maps $\seqi{f}$.
\end{definition}
\begin{proof}
Let
\[
\topo = \bracsn{U \subset X| f_i^{-1}(U) \in \topo_i \forall i \in I}
\]
then since for each $i \in I$, $\topo_i$ is a topology on $Y_i$, $\topo$ is a topology on $X$.
(1): By definition, for any $i \in I$ and $U \in \topo$, $f_i^{-1}(U) \in \topo_i$, so $f_i \in C(Y_i; X)$.
(U): For any topology $\mathcal{S}$ satisfying (1) and $U \in \mathcal{S}$, $f_i^{-1}(U) \in \mathcal{T}_i$, so $\mathcal{S} \subset \mathcal{T}$.
(3): Let $F: X \to Z$ such that $F \circ f_i \in C(Y_i; X)$ for all $i \in I$, then for any $U \subset Z$ open, $f_i^{-1}(F^{-1}(U)) \in \topo_i$ for all $i \in I$. Hence $F^{-1}(U) \in \topo$ and $F \in C(X; Z)$.
\end{proof}
\begin{definition}[Generated Topology]
\label{definition:ideal-generated-topology}
Let $X$ be a topological space and $\sigma \subset 2^X$ be an ideal, then $X$ is \textbf{$\sigma$-generated} if the topology of $X$ is the final topology generated by $\bracs{\iota_S: S \to X|S \in \sigma}$.
If $\kappa \subset 2^X$ is the collection of precompact sets of $X$, and $X$ is generated by $\kappa$, then $X$ is \textbf{compactly generated}.
\end{definition}

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@@ -25,7 +25,8 @@
\begin{enumerate}
\item[(FB1)] For any $E, F \in \fB$, there exists $G \in \fB$ such that $G \subset E \cap F$.
\item[(FB2)] $\emptyset \not\in \fB$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
Conversely, if $\fB \subset 2^X$ is a non-empty collection that satisfies (FB1) and (FB2), then $\fB$ is a base for the filter
\[
\fF = \bracs{F \subset X| \exists E \in \fB: E \subset F}
@@ -52,7 +53,8 @@
\begin{enumerate}
\item $f(\fB) = \bracs{f(E)| E \in \fB}$ is also a filter base.
\item If $\fB$ is an ultrafilter base, then $f(\fB)$ is also an ultrafilter base.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
\end{proposition}
\begin{proof}
@@ -117,7 +119,8 @@ The smallest filter $\fF(\fB_0) \subset 2^X$ containing $\fB_0$ is the filter \t
\item $\fF$ is maximal with respect to inclusion.
\item For any $E \subset X$, either $E \in \fF$ or $E^c \in \fF$.
\item For any $\seqf{F_j} \subset X$ such that $\bigcup_{j = 1}^n F_j \in \fF$, there exists $1 \le j \le n$ such that $F_j \in \fF$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
If the above holds, then $\fF$ is an \textbf{ultrafilter}.
\end{definition}
\begin{proof}
@@ -157,7 +160,8 @@ The smallest filter $\fF(\fB_0) \subset 2^X$ containing $\fB_0$ is the filter \t
\item $\fF \supset \cn(x)$.
\item For each ultrafilter $\fU \supset \fF$, $\fU \supset \cn(x)$.
\item There exists a fundamental system of neighbourhoods $\cb(x) \subset \cn(x)$ such that for every $E \in \cb$, there exists $F \in \fB$ with $F \subset E$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
If the above holds, then $x$ is a \textbf{limit point} of $\fB$, and $\fB$ \textbf{converges} to $x$.
If $A \subset X$ and $\fB \subset 2^A$, then $\fB$ \textbf{converges} to $x$ if $\fF(\fB) \supset \bracsn{U \cap A| U \in \cn(x)}$.
@@ -178,7 +182,8 @@ The smallest filter $\fF(\fB_0) \subset 2^X$ containing $\fB_0$ is the filter \t
\item $x \in \bigcap_{E \in \fF}\overline{E}$.
\item There exists a fundamental system of neighbourhoods $\cb(x) \subset \cn(x)$ such that for every $E \in \cb$ and $f \in \fB$, $E \cap F \ne \emptyset$.
\item There exists a filter $\fU \supset \fB$ that converges to $x$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
If the above holds, then $x$ is a \textbf{cluster/accumulation point} of $\fB$. In particular, if $\fF$ is an ultra filter, then (6) implies that the limit points and cluster points of $\fF$ coincide.
\end{definition}
\begin{proof}

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@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@
\item Every filter in $X$ converges to at most one point.
\item For any index set $I$, the diagonal $\Delta$ is closed in $X^I$.
\item The diagonal $\Delta$ is closed in $X \times X$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
If the above holds, then $X$ is a \textbf{T2/Hausdorff} space.
\end{definition}
\begin{proof}

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@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@
\item For any $x \in X$, there exists $K \in \cn(x)$ compact.
\item For any $x \in X$, $\cn(x)$ admits a fundamental system of neighbourhoods consisting of compact sets.
\item For any $x \in X$, $\cn(x)$ admits a fundamental system of neighbourhoods consisting of precompact sets.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
If the above holds, then $X$ is a \textbf{locally compact Hausdorff (LCH)} space.
\end{definition}
\begin{proof}
@@ -76,6 +77,35 @@
then by the \hyperref[gluing lemma for continuous functions]{lemma:gluing-continuous}, $\ol F \in C_c(X; \real)$ with $\ol F|_K = F|_K = f$ and $\supp{F} \subset \supp{\eta} \subset V \subset U$.
\end{proof}
\begin{proposition}
\label{proposition:lch-compactly-generated}
Let $X$ be a LCH space, then:
\begin{enumerate}
\item $X$ is compactly generated.
\item For any uniform space $Y$, $C(X; Y) \subset Y^X$ is closed with respect to the compact-open topology.
\end{enumerate}
\end{proposition}
\begin{proof}
(1): Let $U \subset X$ such that $U \cap K$ is open in $K$ for all $K \subset X$ compact. For any $x \in U$, there exists a compact neighbourhood $K \in \cn(x)$. In which case, $U \supset U \cap K \in \cn(x)$, so $U \in \cn(x)$ for all $x \in U$. By \autoref{lemma:openneighbourhood}, $U$ is open.
(2): By \autoref{proposition:compact-uniform-open}, the compact-open topology coincides with the compact-uniform topology on $C(X; Y)$. Since $X$ is compactly generated, $C(X; Y) \subset Y^X$ is closed with respect to the compact-open topology by \autoref{corollary:uniform-limit-continuous-generated}.
\end{proof}
\begin{proposition}
\label{proposition:lch-product}
Let $\seqi{X}$ be a family of LCH spaces. If $X_i$ is compact for all but finitely many $i \in I$, then $X = \prod_{i \in I}X_i$ is a LCH space.
\end{proposition}
\begin{proof}
By \autoref{proposition:product-hausdorff}, $\prod_{i \in I}X_i$ is Hausdorff. Let $x \in \prod_{i \in I}X_i$ and $i \in I$. If $X_i$ is not compact, let $U_i \in \cn_{X_i}(\pi_i(x))$ be compact. Otherwise, let $U_i = X_i$. Let $U = \prod_{i \in I}U_i$, then since $U_i \ne X_i$ for only finitely many $i \in I$, $U \in \cn_X(x)$. By \hyperref[Tychonoff's Theorem]{theorem:tychonoff}, $U$ is compact. Therefore $X$ is locally compact.
\end{proof}
\subsection{Paracompactness and LCH Spaces}
\label{subsection:lch-paracompact}
\begin{proposition}[{{\cite[Proposition 4.39]{Folland}}}]
\label{proposition:lch-sigma-compact}
Let $X$ be a LCH space, then the following are equivalent:
@@ -92,7 +122,8 @@
\item[(a)] For each $0 \le k \le n$, $U_k$ is a precompact open set.
\item[(b)] For each $0 \le k < n$, $\overline{U_k} \subset U_{k+1}$.
\item[(c)] For each $1 \le k \le n$, $U_k \supset \bigcup_{j = 1}^k K_j$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
By \autoref{lemma:lch-compact-neighbour}, there exists $U_{n+1} \in \cn^o(\overline{U_n} \cup K_{n+1})$ precompact. In which case, by (c),
\[
U_{n+1} \supset \ol{U_n} \cup K_{n+1} \supset \bigcup_{j = 1}^n K_j \cup K_{n+1} = \bigcup_{j = 1}^{n+1}K_j
@@ -154,7 +185,8 @@
\begin{enumerate}
\item[(a)] $\ol{E} \subset \bigcup_{x \in X_E}N_x$.
\item[(b)] For every $x \in X_E$, $N_x \cap E \ne \emptyset$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
Let $X_{\ce} = \bigcup_{E \in \ce}X_\ce$, and for each $E \in \ce$, let
\[
G_E = \bigcup_{\substack{x \in X_\ce \\ \ol{N_x} \subset E}}N_x
@@ -238,12 +270,4 @@
Let $x \in X$, then there exists $n \in \natp$ such that $x \in U_n \setminus U_{n-1}$. In which case, if $n > 1$, then $x \in U_{n} \setminus \ol{U_{n - 2}} = V_{n-1}$. If $n = 1$, then $x \in U_{2} = V_1$. Thus $\seq{V_n}$ is an open cover of $X$. In addition, for any $m, n \in \natp$ with $m \le n$, $V_m \cap V_n \ne \emptyset$ implies that $n - m < 2$, so $\seq{V_n}$ is locally finite. By (2) of \autoref{proposition:lch-paracompact}, $X$ is paracompact.
\end{proof}
\begin{proposition}
\label{proposition:lch-product}
Let $\seqi{X}$ be a family of LCH spaces. If $X_i$ is compact for all but finitely many $i \in I$, then $X = \prod_{i \in I}X_i$ is a LCH space.
\end{proposition}
\begin{proof}
By \autoref{proposition:product-hausdorff}, $\prod_{i \in I}X_i$ is Hausdorff. Let $x \in \prod_{i \in I}X_i$ and $i \in I$. If $X_i$ is not compact, let $U_i \in \cn_{X_i}(\pi_i(x))$ be compact. Otherwise, let $U_i = X_i$. Let $U = \prod_{i \in I}U_i$, then since $U_i \ne X_i$ for only finitely many $i \in I$, $U \in \cn_X(x)$. By \hyperref[Tychonoff's Theorem]{theorem:tychonoff}, $U$ is compact. Therefore $X$ is locally compact.
\end{proof}

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@@ -36,12 +36,14 @@
\item[(F2)] For any $A, B \in \cn_\topo(x)$, $A \cap B \in \cn_\topo(x)$.
\item[(V1)] For every $A \in \cn_\topo(x)$, $x \in A$.
\item[(V2)] For every $V \in \cn_\topo(x)$, there exists $W \in \cn_\topo(x)$ such that $V \in \cn_\topo(y)$ for all $y \in W$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
Conversely, if $\cn: X \to 2^X$ is a mapping such that
\begin{enumerate}
\item $\cn(x) \ne \emptyset$ for all $x \in X$.
\item $\cn(x)$ satisfies (F1), (F2), (V1), and (V2).
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
then there exists a unique topology $\topo \subset 2^X$ such that $\cn = \cn_\topo$.
\end{proposition}

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@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@
\begin{enumerate}
\item[(a)] $U_1 = B^c$.
\item[(b)] For any $p, q \in \rational \cap [0, 1]$ with $p < q$, $\overline{U_p} \subset U_q$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
\item There exists $f \in C(X; [0, 1])$ with $f|_A = 0$ and $f|_B = 1$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{lemma}

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@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
\begin{proposition}
\label{proposition:productfilterconvergence}
Let $\bracsn{(X_i, \topo_i)}_{i \in I}$ be a family of topological spaces and $\B$ be a filter base on $\prod_{i \in I}X_i$, then $\fB$ converges to $x \in \prod_{i \in I}X_i$ if and only if $\pi_i(\fB)$ converges to $\pi_i(x)$ for all $i \in I$.
Let $\bracsn{(X_i, \topo_i)}_{i \in I}$ be a family of topological spaces and $\fB$ be a filter base on $\prod_{i \in I}X_i$, then $\fB$ converges to $x \in \prod_{i \in I}X_i$ if and only if $\pi_i(\fB)$ converges to $\pi_i(x)$ for all $i \in I$.
\end{proposition}
\begin{proof}
$(\Rightarrow)$: Let $i \in I$ and $U \in \cn(\pi_i(x))$, then $\pi_i^{-1}(U) \in \cn(x)$. Since $\fB$ converges to $x$, there exists $B \in \fB$ with $B \subset \pi_i^{-1}(U)$. In which case, $\pi_i(B) \subset U$ and $\pi_i(\fB)$ converges to $\pi_i(x)$.

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@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@
\begin{enumerate}
\item For any $U \subset Y$, $U$ is open if and only if $\pi^{-1}(U)$ is open.
\item $\pi \in C(X; Y)$, and for any $U \subset X$ saturated and open, $\pi(U)$ is open.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
If the above holds, then $\pi$ is a \textbf{quotient map}.
\end{definition}
\begin{proof}
@@ -37,7 +38,8 @@
\]
\item $\pi$ is a quotient map.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
The space $(\td X, \pi)$ is the \textbf{quotient} of $X$ by $\sim$.
\end{definition}
\begin{proof}

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@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@
\begin{enumerate}
\item For each $x \in X$ and $A \subset X$ closed with $x \not\in A$, there exists $U \in \cn(x)$ and $V \in \cn(A)$ such that $U \cap V = \emptyset$.
\item For each $x \in X$, the closed neighbourhoods of $x$ forms a fundamental system of neighbourhoods at $x$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
If $X$ is a T1 space such that the above holds, then $X$ is \textbf{regular}.
\end{definition}
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Proposition 1.4.11]{Bourbaki}}}. ]

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@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@
\item[(M)] For any $x, y \in X$ with $x \ne y$, $d(x, y) > 0$.
\item[(PM2)] For any $x, y \in X$, $d(x, y) = d(y, x)$.
\item[(PM3)] For any $x, y, z \in X$, $d(x, z) \le d(x, y) + d(y, z)$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
The pair $(X, d)$ is a \textbf{metric space}, which comes with the metric uniformity induced by $d$, and the corresponding topology.
\end{definition}

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@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@
\begin{enumerate}
\item $A, B$ are $V$-small.
\item $A \cap B \ne \emptyset$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
then $A \cup B$ is $V \circ V$-small.
\end{lemma}
\begin{proof}

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@@ -19,7 +19,8 @@
Moreover, if $f \in UC(X; Y)$, then $F \in UC(\wh X; Y)$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
Moreover,
\begin{enumerate}
\item[(4)] For any symmetric entourage $V \in \fU$, let
@@ -46,14 +47,16 @@
\item[(FB1)] Let $\wh U, \wh V \in \wh \fB$. By \autoref{lemma:symmetricfundamentalentourage}, there exists a symmetric entourage $W \in \fU$ such that $W \subset U \cap V$. In which case, for any $(\fF, \mathfrak{G}) \in \wh W$, there exists $E \in \fF \cap \mathfrak{G}$ with $E \times E \subset W \subset U \cap V$. Thus $\wh W \subset \wh U \cap \wh V$.
\item[(UB1)] Let $\wh U \in \wh \fB$ and $\fF \in \wh X$, then since $\fF$ is Cauchy, there exists $E \in \fF$ such that $E \times E \subset U$, so $(\fF, \fF) \in \wh U$.
\item[(UB2)] Let $\wh U \in \wh \fB$. By \autoref{lemma:symmetricfundamentalentourage}, there exists a symmetric entourage $W \in \fU$ such that $W \circ W \subset U$. For any $\fF, \mathfrak{G}, \mathfrak{H} \in \wh X$ such that $(\fF, \mathfrak{G}), (\mathfrak{G}, \mathfrak{H}) \in \wh W$, there exists $W$-small sets $E \in \fF \cap \mathfrak{G}$ and $F \in \fF \cap \mathfrak{H}$. Since $\mathfrak{G}$ is a filter, $E \cap F \ne \emptyset$ by (F2) and (F3). By \autoref{lemma:small-intersect}, $E \cup H$ is $W \circ W$-small and thus $U$-small. Using (F1), $E \cup H \in \fF \cap \mathfrak{H}$, so $(\fF, \mathfrak{H}) \in \wh U$. Therefore $\wh W \circ \wh W \subset U$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
By \autoref{proposition:fundamental-entourage-criterion}, there exists a unique uniformity $\wh \fU \supset \wh \fB$. Moreover, $\wh \fB$ consists of symmetric entourages by construction.
(1, Hausdorff): It is sufficient to show that $\Delta$ is closed and use (6) of \autoref{definition:hausdorff}. Let $(\fF, \mathfrak{G}) \in \ol{\Delta}$, then $(\fF, \mathfrak{G}) \in U$ for all $U \in \fU$ closed. Let $\fB = \bracs{F \cup G| F \in \fF, G \in \mathfrak{G}}$, then
\begin{enumerate}
\item[(FB1)] For any $F \cup G, F' \cup G' \in \fB$, $(F \cup G) \cap (F' \cup G') \supset (F \cap F') \cup (G \cap G') \in \fB$.
\item[(FB2)] By (F3), $\emptyset \not\in \fF \cup \mathfrak{G}$, so $\emptyset \not\in \fB$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
Thus $\fB$ is a filter base by \autoref{proposition:filterbasecriterion}, and the filter $\mathfrak{H}$ generated by $\fB$ is contained in $\fF$ and $\mathfrak{G}$. By \autoref{proposition:goodentourages}, for every $U \in \fU$, there exists a $U$-small set $E \in \fF \cap \mathfrak{G} \subset \fB \subset \mathfrak{H}$. So $\mathfrak{H} \subset \fF, \mathfrak{G}$ is a Cauchy filter. By minimality of $\fF$ and $\mathfrak{G}$, $\fF = \mathfrak{G} = \mathfrak{H}$.
(2): For each $x \in X$, $\cn(x)$ is a minimal Cauchy filter by (1) of \autoref{proposition:cauchyfilterlimit}. Define $\iota: X \to \wh X$ by $x \mapsto \cn(x)$. Let $\wh U \in \wh \fU$ and $(\cn(x), \cn(y)) \in \wh U$, then there exists a $U$-small set $E \in \cn(x) \cap \cn(y)$. By (V1), $(x, y) \in E \times E \in U$.
@@ -104,7 +107,8 @@
}
\]
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
known as the \textbf{Hausdorff uniform space associated with} $(X, \fU)$.
\end{definition}
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[Proposition 2.8.16]{Bourbaki}}}. ]
@@ -167,7 +171,8 @@
Moreover, $\ol{F}(\wh X) = \overline{F(X)}$, and $\ol{F}$ is an embedding.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
In particular, by \autoref{proposition:dense-product}, there is a natural isomorphism
\[
\prod_{i \in I}\wh X_i \iso \wh{\prod_{i \in I}X_i}

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@@ -41,7 +41,8 @@
\item[(U1)] For every $U \in \fU$, $U \supset \Delta = \bracs{(x, x)| x \in X}$.
\item[(U2)] For any $U \in \fU$, $U^{-1} \in \fU$.
\item[(U3)] For any $U \in \fU$, there exists $V \in \fU$ such that $V \circ V \subset U$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
The elements of $\fU$ are called the \textbf{entourages} of $\fU$, and the pair $(X, \fU)$ is a \textbf{uniform space}.
For any $x, y \in X$ and $U \in \fU$, $x$ and $y$ are \textbf{$U$-close} if $(x, y) \in U$.
@@ -79,7 +80,8 @@
\item[(FB1)] For each $U, V \in \fB$, there exists $W \in \fB$ such that $W \subset U \cap V$.
\item[(UB1)] For each $V \in \fB$, $\Delta \subset V$.
\item[(UB2)] For each $V \in \fB$, there exists $W \in \fB$ such that $W \circ W \subset V$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
then there exists a unique uniformity $\fU \subset 2^{X \times X}$, which is given by
\[
\fU = \bracs{U \subset X \times X| \exists V \in \fB: V \subset U}
@@ -176,7 +178,8 @@ V = (\bracs{x} \times V)(x) = (U \cup (\bracs{x} \times V))(x) = W(x) \in \cn(x)
\begin{enumerate}
\item $V \circ M \circ V \in \cn(M)$.
\item Let $\fB$ be the set of all symmetric entourages, then $\ol{M} = \bigcap_{V \in \fB}V \circ M \circ V$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
with respect to the product topology on $X \times X$.
\end{proposition}
\begin{proof}
@@ -223,7 +226,8 @@ V = (\bracs{x} \times V)(x) = (U \cup (\bracs{x} \times V))(x) = W(x) \in \cn(x)
\begin{enumerate}
\item $\mathfrak{O} = \bracs{U^o| U \in \fU}$
\item $\mathfrak{K} = \bracsn{\overline{U}| U \in \fU}$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
By \autoref{lemma:symmetricfundamentalentourage}, there exists fundamental systems of entourages for $\fU$ consisting of symmetric and open/closed sets.
\end{proposition}
\begin{proof}
@@ -267,7 +271,8 @@ V = (\bracs{x} \times V)(x) = (U \cup (\bracs{x} \times V))(x) = W(x) \in \cn(x)
\item $X$ is Hausdorff.
\item $X$ is regular.
\item $\Delta = \bigcap_{U \in \fU}U$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
If the above holds, then $X$ is \textbf{separated}.
\end{definition}
\begin{proof}

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@@ -66,4 +66,19 @@
\end{proof}
\begin{corollary}
\label{corollary:arzela-locally-compact}
Let $X$ be a LCH space, $Y$ be a uniform space, and $\cf \subset C(X; Y)$ such that:
\begin{enumerate}[label=(E\arabic*)]
\item $\cf$ is equicontinuous.
\item For each $x \in X$, $\cf(x) = \bracs{f(x)|f \in \cf}$ is precompact in $Y$.
\end{enumerate}
then $\cf$ is a precompact subset of $C(X; Y)$ with respect to the compact uniformity.
\end{corollary}
\begin{proof}
By the \hyperref[Arzelà-Ascoli Theorem]{theorem:arzela-ascoli}, $\cf$ is a precompact subset of $Y^X$. By \autoref{proposition:lch-compactly-generated}, $C(X; Y)$ is a closed subset of $Y^X$. Therefore $\cf$ is a precompact subset of $C(X; Y)$.
\end{proof}

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@@ -10,11 +10,13 @@ The axioms of uniform spaces strongly resembles working in a metric space. In fa
\item[(PM1)] For any $x \in X$, $d(x, x) = 0$.
\item[(PM2)] For any $x, y \in X$, $d(x, y) = d(y, x)$.
\item[(PM3)] For any $x, y, z \in X$, $d(x, z) \le d(x, y) + d(y, z)$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
If $d$ satisfies the above and
\begin{enumerate}
\item[(M)] For any $x, y \in X$ with $x \ne y$, $d(x, y) > 0$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
then $d$ is a \textbf{metric}.
\end{definition}
@@ -62,7 +64,8 @@ The axioms of uniform spaces strongly resembles working in a metric space. In fa
\item For each $U \subset X$, $U$ is open if and only if for every $x \in U$, there exists $J \subset I$ finite and $r > 0$ such that $\bigcap_{j \in J}B_j(x, r) \subset U$.
\item For each $i \in I$, $d_i \in UC(X \times X; [0, \infty))$.
\item[(U)] For any other uniformity $\mathfrak{V}$ satisfying (4), $\mathfrak{U} \subset \mathfrak{V}$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
The uniformity $\fU$ is the \textbf{pseudometric uniformity} induced by $\seqi{d}$, and the topology induced by $\fU$ is the \textbf{pseudometric topology} on $X$ induced by $\seqi{d}$.
\end{definition}
\begin{proof}
@@ -112,7 +115,8 @@ The axioms of uniform spaces strongly resembles working in a metric space. In fa
\item[(a)] $U_{0} = X \times X$.
\item[(b)] For each $n \in \natz$, $U_n$ is symmetric.
\item[(c)] For each $n \in \natz$, $U_{n + 1} \circ U_{n+1} \subset U_n$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
then there exists a pseudometric $d: X \times X \to [0, 1]$ such that
\[
U_{n+1} \subset E(d, 2^{-n}) \subset U_{n-1}
@@ -141,7 +145,8 @@ The axioms of uniform spaces strongly resembles working in a metric space. In fa
\]
As this holds for all such $\seqf{x_j}$ and $\seqf[m]{y_j}$, $d(x, z) \le d(x, y) + d(y, z)$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
so $d$ is a pseudometric.
For any $(x, y) \in U_{n+1}$, $d(x, y) \le \rho(x, y) < 2^{-n}$, so $U_{n+1} \subset E(d, 2^{-n})$.
@@ -250,7 +255,8 @@ The axioms of uniform spaces strongly resembles working in a metric space. In fa
\item[(a)] For each $1 \le k \le n$, $V_k$ is symmetric.
\item[(b)] For each $1 \le k \le n$, $V_k \subset U_k$.
\item[(c)] For each $1 \le k < n$, $V_{k+1} \circ V_{k+1} \subset V_{k}$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
Let $W = V_n \cap U_{n+1}$, then by \autoref{lemma:symmetricfundamentalentourage}, there exists $V_{n+1} \in \fU$ symmetric such that $V_{n+1} \circ V_{n+1} \subset W$. Thus $\bracs{V_k|1 \le k \le n + 1} \subset \fU$ satisfies (a), (b), and (c) for $n + 1$.
Let $V_0 = X \times X$, then by \autoref{lemma:uniform-sequence-pseudometric}, there exists a pseudometric $d: X \times X \to [0, \infty)$ such that for each $n \in \natp$,

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@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@
\begin{enumerate}
\item For every $V \in \mathfrak{V}$, there exists $V' \in \fU$ such that $(f(x), f(y)) \in V$ whenever $(x, y) \in V'$.
\item For every $V \in \mathfrak{V}$, $(f \times f)^{-1}(V) \in \fU$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
If the above holds, then $f$ is a \textbf{uniformly continuous} function.
The collection $UC(X; Y)$ denotes the set of all uniformly continuous functions from $X$ to $Y$.
@@ -34,7 +35,8 @@
\begin{enumerate}
\item For each $i \in I$, $f_i \in UC(X; Y_i)$.
\item[(U)] If $\mathfrak{V}$ is a uniformity on $X$ satisfying $(1)$, then $\mathfrak{V} \supset \fU$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
Moreover,
\begin{enumerate}
\item[(3)] The family