Polished A-A and added new lines for broken enumerates.
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Bokuan Li
2026-05-05 01:50:35 -04:00
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81 changed files with 441 additions and 185 deletions

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\begin{enumerate}
\item For any $U \subset E$ convex and balanced, if $U$ absorbs every bounded set of $E$, then $U \in \cn_E(0)$.
\item For any seminorm $\rho: E \to [0, \infty)$ that is bounded on all bounded sets of $E$, $\rho$ is continuous.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
If the above holds, then $E$ is a \textbf{bornological space}.
\end{definition}

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@@ -138,7 +138,8 @@
\item For each $i \in I$, $d_i: E \times E \to [0, \infty)$ defined by $(x, y) \mapsto [x - y]_i$ is a pseudo-metric.
\item The topology induced by $\seqi{d}$ makes $E$ a topological vector space.
\item For each $i \in I$, $[\cdot]_i: E \to [0, \infty)$ is continuous.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
The topology induced by $\seqi{d}$ is the \textbf{vector space topology induced by} $\seqi{[\cdot]}$. In addition,
\begin{enumerate}
\item[(U)] For any family $\bracsn{[\cdot]_j}_{j \in J}$ of continuous seminorms on $E$, the vector space topology induced by $\bracsn{[\cdot]_j}_{j \in J}$ is contained in the vector space topology induced by $\seqi{[\cdot]}$.
@@ -159,7 +160,8 @@
\item If $A$ is convex, then for any $x, y \in E$, $[x + y]_A \le [x]_A + [y]_A$.
\item If $A$ is circled, then for any $x \in E$ and $\lambda \in K$, $[\lambda x]_A = \abs{\lambda}[x]_A$.
\item If $A$ is circled, then $\bracs{\rho < 1} \subseteq A \subseteq \bracs{\rho \le 1} \subseteq \ol A$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
In particular,
\begin{enumerate}[start=4]
\item If $A$ is convex, then $[\cdot]_A$ is a sublinear functional.
@@ -189,7 +191,8 @@
\item There exists a fundamental system of neighborhoods at $0$ consisting of convex sets.
\item There exists a fundamental system of neighbourhoods at $0$ consisting of convex, circled, and radial sets.
\item There exists a family of seminorms $\seqi{[\cdot]}$ that induces the topology on $E$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
If the above holds, then $E$ is a \textbf{locally convex} space.
\end{definition}
\begin{proof}

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@@ -134,7 +134,8 @@
\begin{enumerate}
\item $|\phi| \le \rho$.
\item $\dpb{x, \phi}{E} = \inf_{y \in M}\rho(x + y)$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
\item For any $x \in E$ and continuous seminorm $\rho: E \to [0, \infty)$, there exists $\phi \in E^*$ with $|\phi| \le \rho$ and $\dpb{x, \phi}{E} = \rho(x)$.
\item If $E$ is separated, then for any $x, y \in E$, there exists $\phi \in E^*$ with $\dpb{x, \phi}{E} \ne \dpb{y, \phi}{E}$.
\end{enumerate}

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@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@
\]
is a fundamental system of neighbourhoods for $E$ at $0$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
The topology $\topo$ is the \textbf{inductive locally convex topology} on $E$ induced by $\seqi{T}$.
\end{definition}
\begin{proof}
@@ -64,7 +65,8 @@
\]
is a fundamental system of neighbourhoods for $E$ at $0$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
The space $E = \bigoplus_{i \in I}E_i$ is the \textbf{locally convex direct sum} of $\seqi{E}$.
\end{definition}
@@ -110,7 +112,8 @@
\]
is a fundamental system of neighbourhoods for $E$ at $0$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
The pair $(E, \bracsn{T^i_E}_{i \in I})$ is the \textbf{inductive limit} of $(\seqi{E}, \bracsn{T^i_j| i, j \in I, i \lesssim j})$.
\end{definition}
\begin{proof}
@@ -174,7 +177,8 @@
\begin{enumerate}
\item[(a)] $B$ is bounded.
\item[(b)] There exists $n \in \natp$ such that $B \subset E_n$ is bounded.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
\item If $E_n$ is complete for each $n \in \natp$, then $E$ is also complete.
\end{enumerate}
\end{proposition}
@@ -190,7 +194,8 @@
\item For each $k \in \natp$, $U_k \in \cn_{E_{n_k}}(0)$.
\item For each $k \in \natp$, $U_k = U_{k+1} \cap E_{n_k}$.
\item For each $k \in \natp$, $n^{-1}x_k \not\in U_k$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
then $V = \bigcup_{k \in \natp}U_k \in \cn_E(0)$ with $V \cap E_{n_k} = U_k$ for all $k \in \natp$. For any $n \in \natp$, $x_k \not\in nU_k = nV \cap E_{n_k}$. Therefore $B$ is not bounded.
(3), $(b) \Rightarrow (a)$: Let $U \in \cn_E(0)$, then $U \cap E_n \in \cn_{E_n}(0)$, so there exists $\lambda \in K$ with $\lambda (U \cap E_n) \supset B$.

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@@ -41,7 +41,8 @@
If $F$ is a TVS over $K$ and $f \in L(E; F)$, then $\td f \in L(E; F)$.
\item If $\seqi{\rho}$ is a family of seminorms that induces the topology on $E$, then their quotients by $M$ induces the topology on $\td E$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
The space $\td E = E/M$ is the \textbf{quotient} of $E$ by $M$.
\end{definition}
\begin{proof}

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Let $T$ be a set, $\sigma \subset 2^T$ be an ideal, $E$ be a locally convex space over $K$, and $\cf \subset E^T$ be a subspace such that
\begin{enumerate}
\item[(B)] For each $f \in \cf$ and $S \in \sigma$, $f(S) \subset E$ is bounded.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
For each $S \in \sigma$ and continuous seminorm $\rho: E \to [0, \infty)$, let
\[

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@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@
\]
is a fundamental system of neighbourhoods at $0$ for $E \otimes_\pi F$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
The space $E \otimes_\pi F$ is the \textbf{projective tensor product} of $E$ and $F$, and the mapping $\iota \in L^2(E, F; E \otimes_\pi F)$ is the \textbf{canonical embedding}.
@@ -72,7 +73,8 @@
and the seminorm $\rho = p \otimes q$ is the \textbf{cross seminorm} of $p$ and $q$. Moreover,
\begin{enumerate}
\item[(5)] If the seminorms $\seqi{p}$ define the topology on $E$, and the seminorms $\seqj{q}$ define the topology on $F$, then the seminorms $\bracsn{p_i \otimes q_j| (i, j) \in I \times J}$ define the topology on $E \otimes_\pi F$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
\end{definition}
\begin{proof}[Proof {{\cite[III.6.3]{SchaeferWolff}}}. ]
@@ -140,7 +142,8 @@
\item $\sum_{n \in \natp}|\lambda_n| < \infty$.
\item $\limv{n}x_n = 0$ and $\limv{n}y_n = 0$.
\item $z = \sum_{n = 1}^\infty \lambda_n x_n \otimes y_n$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
\end{theorem}
\begin{proof}
@@ -162,7 +165,8 @@
\item $v_N = \sum_{k = 1}^{n_N}\lambda_{N, k}x_{N, k} \otimes y_{N, k}$.
\item For each $1 \le k \le n_N$, $p_N(x_{N, k}), q_N(x_{N, k}) \le 1/M$.
\item $\sum_{k = 1}^{n_N}|\lambda_k| \le 2^{-N+2}$.
\end{enumerate}
\end\{enumerate\}
From here, let $\seqf{(x_j, y_j)} \subset X \times Y$ such that $u_1 = \sum_{j = 1}^n x_j \otimes y_j$, then
\[